Main Damage Symptoms

Celiac disease (Celiac sprue)— Celiac disease is due to a genetically-inherited intolerance to wheat gluten, a main constituent of wheat flour, which is also present to a small extent in rye, barley, and oats, but not in rice. Such persons develop lesions of the small intestine which lead to diarrhea and malabsorption. It is not known why gluten causes intestinal damage. Symptoms usually arise during the first 3 years of life, but it may affect adults. Fbtients are relieved if gluten is excluded completely from the diet. 

Not all antigen-antibody reactions are of benefit to the body, as sometimes the complexes (or their subsequent interaction with body tissues) may result in tissue damage. This must be regarded as a malfunction of the immune system and is known as a hypersensitive reaction. These reactions can be categorized into five main types. The first three involve the interaction between antigen and humoral antibody, and as the onset of the reaction is rapid, the condition is termed immediate hypersensitivity. The fourth type (delayed hypersensitivity) involves T cells and the symptoms of the reaction appear after 24 hours. The fifth type is where antibody stimulates cell function. 

Symptoms Adult weevils eat Irregular holes around the edges of leaves. This damage is more cosmetic than life-threatening. Larvae are the main problem as they feed on plant roots. If a plant is growing poorly, even with no leaves eaten, or suddenly wilts and dies, check in and around the root ball for larvae. 

Similar to enteric viruses, protozoa require a suitable host for replication but can persist within nonhost environments for significant time periods (Sidhu and Toze, 2009). The main source of human protozoan is from direct contact with humans although foodbome sources can also represent a significant vehicle (Sidhu and Toze, 2009 Thompson et al., 2008). All of these human pathogenic protozoa cause diarrhea-like symptoms except Toxoplasma, which causes fetal damage and glandular fever-like syndrome (Dumetre and Darde, 2003). 

The main risk is that of the occurrence of delirium tremens (DT) and its risk of somatic damage by eon-vulsions, aggravated by dehydration. Symptoms of DT include restlessness, heavy sweating, tremor, severe anxiety, delirium, and hyperthermia. It is treated or better still prevented by a calm environment, adequate (but not excessive) hydration, and careful monitoring, with the adjunction of anticonvul-sive/sedative agents, mainly benzodiazepines. The preventive effects of benzodiazepines on withdrawal morbidity has been clearly demonstrated. There do not seem to be major differences between benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam or others. Because of the abuse potential in these highly susceptible patients, these should be rapidly weaned, and proper prevention of relapse instituted. 

Inhibition of ceramide synthase could cause symptoms by depletion of ceramide and ceramide derivatives or by toxic increases in sphinganine and its derivatives. The effects of these phytotoxins are so rapid, that it is unlikely that depletion of ceramides is responsible for cellular death. Others have invoked induction of apoptosis in the mode of action of these compounds [e.g., 6] however, treatment of plant tissues with phytoshingosine and sphinganine causes symptoms very similar to those caused by inhibition of ceramide synthase [7]. Very low levels of AAL-toxin tuid other ceramide synthase inhibitiors may cause apoptosis, but the rapidity of plasma membrtme damage at one micromolar and higher concentrations makes it unlikely that it is involved in the main phytotoxic effect. Attempts have been made to find a ceramide synthase inhibitor with good phytotoxicity, but little mammalitm toxicity [e.g., 8]. However, even inhibitors with little structural similarity to the fumonisins such as australifimgin [9], have relatively little difference between mammalian and plant toxicity. Nevertheless, these studies demonstrate that the ceramide synthase pathway is a viable site for herbicides, provided an inhibitor can be found that is plant specific. This topic is considered in more detail in a recent review [10]. 

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