Potassium magnesium-hydrogen system

Although com can be adequately steeped in sterile, aqueous solutions of sulfur dioxide or sodium, magnesium or potassium bisulfite (hydrogen sulfite) in the laboratory,164-166 commercial steeping involves microorganisms. Raw com carries natural populations of bacteria, yeasts and molds which are capable of rapid multiplication in aqueous systems. Wet-millers learned early that com steeped at temperatures of 45-55°C was sweet, but that putrefaction and butyric acid or alcohol production... 

Sa.lts Salting out metal chlorides from aqueous solutions by the common ion effect upon addition of HCl is utilized in many practical apphcations. Typical data for ferrous chloride [13478-10-9] FeCl2, potassium chloride [7447-40-7] KCl, and NaCl are shown in Table 9. The properties of the FeCl2-HCL-H2 0 system are important to the steel-pickling industry (see Metal SURFACE TREATMENTS Steel). Other metal chlorides that are salted out by the addition of hydrogen chloride to aqueous solutions include those of magnesium, strontium, and barium. 

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

The concept of proteins as heterogeneous colloidal systems rather than as discrete molecules tended to discourage the development of new separation processes. Protein separation with other salts, e.g., magnesium sulfate and mixtures of the hydrogen phosphates of sodium and potassium, were investigated, but in the studies undertaken the salt concentrations in the protein mixtures rarely exceeded half-saturation. 

Palladium black was prepared from palladium nitrate and formaldehyde solution by dropwise addition of potassium hydroxide solution (50 wt. %) at about 10°. The solution and precipitate were warmed at about 60° and the precipitate washed several times by decantation. It was then placed in a Soxhlet extractor and washed for 48 hr. (about 100 times). The precipitate was then dryed at 110°. The palladium-silver system is known to be one of complete miscibility (3). Alloys of silver-palladium were prepared following a procedure discussed elsewhere 4). Their preparation involved a low-temperature coprecipitation of both metals from a solution containing proper amounts of their nitrates. Alloy formation was checked by means of x-ray diffraction patterns which were obtained with Cu-Ka radiation. The computed lattice constants are shown in Fig. 1 to be a linear function of the alloy composition. Hydrogen, used for pretreatment of all samples, was obtained from a commercial tank and purified by passage through a Deoxo unit, magnesium perchlorate, and a charcoal trap immersed in liquid nitrogen. 

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