Macrophage heterogeneity

Gordon S, Taylor PR. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nature Reviews Immunology 2005, 5, 953-964. 

Witsell AL, Schook LB. Macrophage heterogeneity occurs through a developmental... 

Gordon S, Taylor PR (2005) Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 5 953-964 Grage-Griebenow E, Flad HD, Ernst M (2001) Heterogeneity of human peripheral blood monocyte subsets. 

Riches, D. W., Signalling heterogeneity as a contributing factor in macrophage functional diversity. Semin. Cell Biol. 6(6), 377-384 (1995). 

Morioka, Y., et al. Immunophenotypic and ultrastructural heterogeneity of macrophage differentiation in bone marrow and fetal hematopoiesis of mouse in vitro and in vivo, J. Leukoc. Biol., 55, 642, 1994. 

Martinez-Pomares, L., Platt, N., McKnight, A.J., da Silva, R.P., and Gordon, S., 1996, Macrophage membrane molecules markers of tissue differentiation and heterogeneity. Immunobiology 195 407-416. 

Although closely related, monocytes/macrophages (MO) possess features that are distinct from DCs. Due to their limited expression of T-cell costimulatory molecules, MO are not able to prime T cells de novo, but rather stimulate effector/memory T cells by the secretion of cytokines, which support T-cell proliferation. As DCs, MO differentiate from myeloid precursors and form a heterogeneous population of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that link the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, their ability to interact with T cells via MHC class II TCR interaction(s) as well as engagement of T-cell costimulatory receptors on their surface, makes close contact between MO and Tregs likely to occur in vivo. 

Fishman, M. (1980). Functional heterogeneity among peritoneal macrophages. Cell. Im-munol. 55, 174-184. 

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells with extraordinary immunostimulatory capacity. Some play an important role in the induction of the function of T helper cells and some communicate with other lymphocytes. Cytokines can render the ability to present antigens to various cell types. This results in the expression of MHC class II molecules, which are sometimes lacking on some cells such as endothelial cells. The different types of APCs include macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and interdigitating cells. APCs are mostly derived from bone marrow and are distributed in lymphoid tissues and in the skin. These three types of major APCs are also called professional APCs. 

Nakagawa Y., Kurihara K., Sugiura T., and Waku K. (1985). Heterogeneity in the metabolism of the arachidonoyl molecular species of glycerophospholipids of rabbit alveolar macrophages. The relationship between metabolic activities and chemical structures of the arachidonoyl molecular species. Eur. J. Biochem. 153 263-268. 

Significantly, the implanted biomaterial provokes a spectrum of macrophage differentiation and activation profiles locally at the site, depending on this broad cell type heterogeneity, tissue site physiology, and device properties. It is also likely that local activation and acute wound healing at the implant site provide chemotactic cues that recruit other monocytes and immature MPS cells to the implant site. 

Laskin DL, Weinberger B, Laskin JD. Functional heterogeneity in liver and lung macrophages. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2001, 70, 163-170. 

Human Granulocyte-Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 0.25 mg H secreted Cell proliferation Heterogeneous [12]... 

Yamamura, Y., Fischer, B. C., Hamaha, J. B. and Proctor, J. W. (1984). Heterogeneity of murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell subpopulations. In vitro and in vivo resistance to macrophage cytotoxicity and its association with metastatic capacity. Int. J. Cancer 33, 67-72. 

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