Lymphocyte stimulation

IL-1 Macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells, B lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes Stimulates fibroblasts and chondrocytes to release matrix metalloproteinases... 

Klaus, G.G.B. and Hawrylowicz, C.M. (1984). Cell-cycle control in lymphocyte stimulation. Immunol. Today 5 15-19. 

Figure 7.3 Process of antigen recognition and lymphocyte stimulation.

Lymphocyte stimulation. Bran fiber hemi-cellulose, administered to rats at a dose of 10% of the diet, produced weak activity on sperm cells° . 

Schleifer SJ, Keller SE, Camerino M, et al. Suppression of lymphocyte stimulation following bereavement. JAMA 1983 250 374-377. 

Graves disease is considered to be an autoimmune disorder in which helper T lymphocytes stimulate lymphocytes to synthesize antibodies to thyroidal antigens. The antibody described previously (TSH-R Ab [stim]) is directed against the TSH receptor site in the thyroid cell membrane and has the capacity to stimulate growth and biosynthetic activity of the thyroid cell. Spontaneous remission occurs but some patients require years of antithyroid therapy. 

It has been argued that the glycoprotein composition of the cell surface is a determinant in cell behavior,146,149 and it is clear that many properties of cells may be affected by the action of glycosidases on cell-surface glycoproteins. In this respect, changes in their electrophoretic mobility, in the regulation of the cell cycle, and in cell-cell interactions, and the effects on lymphocyte stimulation of cells, their immunogenicity, their interaction with hormones, and their onco-... 

Recently, lymphocyte stimulation tests were performed in order to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of Astragalus saponins. Lymphocyte proliferation or transformation is a process whereby de novo DNA synthesis takes place in response to a mitogen or any other appreciable stimulator (concanavallin A). Astraversianins II, and X, astragalosides I, II, IV and VI and cyclocantosides E and G isolated from A. melanophrurius were able to stimulate mouse lymphocyte proliferation in the concentration range of 0.01-10 (ig/ml. At higher concentration, inhibition of thymidine incorporation was observed [72]. 

A 76-year-old man who had taken glibenclamide for 2 weeks, having switched from voglibose, developed pneumonitis a lymphocyte stimulation test was positive for glibenclamide (32). 

The positive lymphocyte stimulation test, the eosinophils, and the low blood concentrations 3 days after withdrawal suggest that hypersensitivity to troghtazone was the underlying cause. The authors reported that another patient with hepatitis after troghtazone had had a subacute course after withdrawal of the drug. 

A 62-year-old woman with normal hver function tests took troghtazone 400 mg/day in combination with gli-clazide 80 mg/day and pravastatin (125). After 9 months her transaminases were slightly above normal, but the HbAic was 7.0% and treatment was continued. Her hver enzymes were measured monthly and after 19 months rose abruptly. Troghtazone was withdrawn immediately and she received insulin. Her hver enzymes improved rapidly. A biopsy showed hepatic necrosis round the central vein and a mild inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis in the portal area compatible with protracted acute hepatitis. A lymphocyte stimulation test and a skin test were negative for troghtazone. 

Lymphocyte stimulation test shows that the lymphocytes from patients with food allergy are more often stimulated by the food antigen than the lymphocytes of control subjects, although both sensitivity and specificity of the test have been low in most patients. 

The effects of different OTC in human immune tissue were studied in isolated tonsil B cells. Non-stimulated B cells were killed by 100 nM concentration of all tested OTC after 8 h in vitro culture. Organotin derivatives also decreased the proliferation of tonsillar B lymphocytes stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 and IL-2, when present at 100 nM and higher concentrations. Increased phosphatidylserine exposure demonstrated that 100 nM concentration of triphenyltin chloride and dibutyltin dichloride induced B cells to die by apoptosis38. 

As well as being used as producers of chemicals, cells themselves can be cultured and then reintroduced into the animal in an attempt to cure a disease or repair tissue damage. For instance lymphocytes, stimulated to grow in vitro, can be used to improve the immune response to tumours. 

N. R. Ling, Lymphocyte Stimulation, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1968, pp. 1-290. 

Schaniel, C., Sallusto, F., Ruedl, C., Sideras, P., Melchers, F., and Rolink, A. G. (1999). Three chemokines with potential functions in T lymphocyte-independent and -dependent B lymphocyte stimulation. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 2934-2947. 

Dewey, W.C., Brannon, R.B. (1976). X-irradiation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemag-glutinin in vitro. Int. J. Radial. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 30 229-46. 

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