Lupin containing foods

Reinhard, H., Rupp, H., Sager, F., Streule, M. and Zoller, O. 2006. Quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsins in lupin seeds and lupin containing food. Journal of Chromatography A, 1112(1-2) 353-360. 

FIGURE 22.5 (a) Lupin-containing foods (b) lupin sausages (c) bakery goods containing... 

Reinhard H, Rupp H, Sager F, Streule M, Zoller O. Quinolizidine alkaloids and pho-mopsins in lupins seeds and lupin containing food. J Chromatogr A 2006 1112 (l-2) 353-60. 

Given that the seeds of modem cultivars contain 200 mg alkaloids kg, this would imply a daily consumption of at most 10.7—37.2 g of sweet lupin seeds. This estimate suggests that good quality control of lupin-containing foods is necessary. 

Has been used for food and feed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. Its seed contain 30-40% protein and 17-23% fat, so, like soybeans, lupine is a high-protein seed as well as a potential oil source (Salunkhe et al, 1992). The fatty acid composition of Lupinus mutabilis is reported to be 1% myristate, 13% palmitate, 1% palmitoleate, 5% stearate, 42% oleate, 34% linoleate and 3% linolenate. The protein is rich in lysine and has good nutritional properties. Lupines contain bitter, toxic alkaloids that limit their appeal. Lupine seeds can be debittered by washing with water. There are sweet lupine varieties that are free of alkaloids, but these varieties contain much less oil. 

Alkaloids are used as fertilizers for some crops. Mittex AG in Germany has developed a natural product, Lupinex, which contains quinolizidine alkaloids, minerals and carbohydrates. Lupinex has more than 9% N, 1% P and 2% K. The raw material for this natural product is a waste received from the lupin alkaloid remowing process, when the edible and non-edible components of food... 

In a 90-day feeding study, rats were fed with diets supplemented with 20 % lupin protein from sweet varieties of L. albus and L. luteus, containing 0.05 % (0.5 g kg ) and 0.09 % (0.9 g kg ) of lupin alkaloids, respectively. The actual levels of alkaloids present in the diets were not reported, but taking into account the protein levels in sweet lupins of 35 % and 39 % and assuming full incorporation of the alkaloids into the diet, the lupin flour dietary levels would amount to about 290 and 460 mg alkaloids kg diet, respectively, resulting in dietary intakes of about 14.5 and 23 mg lupin alkaloids kg bw day . No adverse effects were observed in terms of food intake, organ weight, and microscopic examinations [43]. 

The alkaloid level in some American species is approaching 3% of dry matter, and the alkaloids, although all of the same origin and basic formula, have very different physiological properties. On the other hand, some North American lupines and the cultivated European species contain only traces of alkaloids. Thus this butterfly must be recognized as a species which is tolerant to the alkaloids present in the host plant but does not need them as constituents of the food. 

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