Loads electrically heated

Load factor The ratio of the average demand to the maximum demand may relate to electrical, heating, or cooling load. 

Heinzel et al. [77] compared the performance of a natural gas autothermal reformer with that of a steam reformer. The ATR reactor was loaded with a Pt catalyst on a metallic substrate followed by a fixed bed of Pt catalyst. In the start-up phase, the metallic substrate was electrically heated until the catalytic combustion of a stoichiometric methane-air mixture occurred. The reactor temperature was increased by the heat of the combustion reaction and later water was added to limit the temperature rise in the catalyst, while the air flow was reduced to sub-stoichiometric settings. With respect to the steam reformer, the behavior of the ATR reactor was more flexible regarding the start-up time and the load change, thus being more suitable for small-scale stationary applications. 

Deactivated catalysts (5.4-5.5 mg) were loaded at ambient conditions into a 0.1 cm id X 2.0 cm quartz tube having one sealed end. Catalyst was held in place with a plug of Amersil quartz wool. Both quartz wool and tubes were baked out at 500°C for one hour prior to use. The loaded tube was placed into the electrically heated tip of the solids probe of a DuPont model 21-491 mass spectrometer operated at 1 X 10 7 torr. The solids probe was located in the mass spectrometer so that its tip, through which desorbing hydrocarbon molecules passed, was immediately adjacent to the ion source. The probe temperature was raised from 38° to 385°C in 22 minutes. Spectral scanning was conducted automatically every 30 seconds from approximately mje 16 to ra/e 650 at 10 sec/decade. 

The basic diagram of ethylchlorosilane production by direct synthesis is similar to the production diagram of methylchlorosilanes given in Fig.3. After loading the reactor with contact mass, electrical heating is switched on and at 200 °C nitrogen is fed through the heater. Thus, the mass is... 

From batch boxes 1 and 2 the original reactants in given quantities are sent into agitator 3, where they are mixed with nitrogen, which is fed from container 6, for 10-15 min. Before the installation is launched, reactor 8 is loaded to 2/3 of its volume with reactive mixture and electrically heated. The temperature is raised to 250-260 °C and after it is held for 5 hours, the reactive mixture from apparatus 3 is continuously fed through run-down box 4. The products formed are separated from the lower part of the reactor at 2-2.1 MPa. The products are sent through cooler 10 are sent into separator 11 and collector 72 from there they are sent to rectification. 

The tank is loaded with the purified product of regrouping from batch box 19. A residual pressure of 330-200 GPa is created in the system. The lower heating section is switched on, and volatile substances are distilled at 120 °C. The electric heating is switched off, and the contents of the apparatus are cooled to 50 °C at the same residual pressure. The residual pressure is vacuum-pumped to 2.6-4 GPa the volatile products are collected in receptacle 22 at a temperature up to 120 °C. Tank residue is cooled to 50-60 °C in cooler 24, loaded into receptacle 25 and then sent by vacuum into... 

After the methylphenylcyclosiloxanes have been loaded, a residual pressure of 3-13 GPa is created in tank 20, and electric heating is switched on. Decomposition is usually conducted at 300-350 °C. The products of decomposition (low-molecular cyclic substances) are collected in receptacle 23. After that the products enter distillation tank 24. A residual pressure of 3-13 GPa is created in the tank electric heating is switched on the light fractions are distilled at 240-260 °C and collected in receptacle 27. The distillation of the light fractions can be monitored by the refraction index the distillation is stopped at nD20 = 1.53 5 0+1.5360. 

The CR product is sent from collector 14 into loader-unloader 15 and then into apparatus 16 the condenser cover is filled with water and the whole system is vacuumised until the residual pressure is below 1.3 GPa. The low-boiling fractions below the vapour temperature of 220-235 °C (depending on the brand of the liquid) are collected in receptacle 17. After the fraction has been separated, the distillation is stopped by turning off the electric heating of apparatus 16. Tank residue, which is the target product, IIMTC-1, IIMTC-2 or IIMTC-3 liquid, is cooled in the tank of the apparatus down to 100 °C in a vacuum of 1.3-2.6 GPa and then loaded into receptacle 15. 

Steam is the usual heating medium, and a standard heater arrangement consists of a main heater before the circulating fan. When steam is not available or the drying load is small, electric heat can be used. For temperatures above 450 K, products of combustion can be used, or indirect-fired air heaters. 

Phase Structure Lattice parameter (room temperature) (nm) Density (gcm 2) Young s modulus (GPa) Micro- hardness (100 g load) (GPa) Heat conductivity (room temperature) (Wm K ) Coefficient of thermal expansion (10- K- ) Electrical resistivity (room temperature) ( xf2 cm)... 

After a nitrogen atmosphere has been established, 332.4 g of ethyl vanillin are loaded into a 2000 mL. 3-necked round-bottomed flask heated by an electric heating mantle, stirred mechanically, and equipped with two dropping funnels, a condenser, devices for measuring the temperature and the pH, and a nitrogen inlet. 

There are a wide range of measures for reducing CO2-emissions, which either are aimed at energy saving or at a shift to low emission or emission-free energy sources. Most of them are associated with additional costs. Typical avoidance costs are between 100 DM per ton of avoided C02-emission to more than 2000 DM for utilization of solar cells. Nuclear energy on the other hand can reduce the emission of CO2 without additional costs or, e.g. by utilization for average load electricity or industrial process heat, with costs, which are at least well below the above-mentioned amounts. 

The furnace at Portsmouth was installed in the Conservation Department of the City Museum in 1975. The design of the furnace was influenced by the considerable number of large cannons recovered from the Solent and in particular, from the Mary Rose. It was a vertical retort furnace with a cylindrical bell type retort 2.5 m high by 0.7 m in diameter made of Nimonic, a heat resistant alloy. Once loaded with the artefacts, the retort was wheeled into an electrically-heated furnace with three banks of independently-controlled... 

Based on this engineering study we concluded that further laboratory studies should be made more fully to define the primary reactor catalyst loadings required to approach equilibrium conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur vapor over the range of pilot plant operating conditions. The reactor used in this additional study duplicated as nearly as possible the geometry of the proposed pilot plant reactor. The laboratory reactor was fabricated of type 304 stainless steel pipe. An electrically heated molten lead bath maintained the desired operating temperature. 

Heating should be carried out in an oven or other equipment which will achieve sterilizing conditions throughout the load. (See BS 3421 Performance of Electrically-heated Sterilizing Ovens). The method of loading used should not be such as to lead to an uneven temperature distribution. 

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