Loading factor definition

For absolute movements Table AIC.2 gives the maximum anticipated inward and outward movements at the various sections used in the computer analysis. In the majority of cases one definite set of loading factors suffices for obtaining a set of movements but locally, due to vessel shape, prestress arrangements or method of support, a slightly different loading combination may be required, but in these cases the movements involved usually tend to be small. 

With the nuclear design referred to in this chapter (further improvement is definitely possible), an availability factor of 95% is quite realistic and for the base load operation mode, the load factor could be 95% as well. 

Further calculations were performed, based on other methods, to determine the flood load factor Fy.n. acc. to this task definition. The results were as follows ... 

Traditional definitions of safety factors in terms of strength requirements, such as load-resistance factors or allowable stresses, are not applicable in blast resistant design. Safety factors arc more appropriately measured in terms of strain energy demand versus strain energy absorption capacity, Allowable deformations arc a practical method to quantify energy absorption capacity. 

A variable that contributes much to a factor has a large absolute loading (max = 1). Because the structure of the loading vector depends on the data being analyzed, the definition of an unusual variable is problem dependent. 

Loadings Plot (Model and Variable Diagnostic) Loadings 1-4 are displayed in Figure 4.67. The first three have a definite nonrandom behavior compared with the fourth. There is a limited amount of structure in loading four, indicating a model of size 3 or 4 factors. 

This study employed conventional diffusion-reaction theory, showing that with diffusion-limited reactions the internal effectiveness factor of a heterogeneous catalyst is inversely related to the Thiele modulus. Using a standard definition of the Thiele modulus [100], the observed reaction rate of an immobilized-enzyme reaction will vary with the square root of the immobilized-enzyme concentration in a diffusion-limited system. In this case, a plot of the reaction rate versus the enzyme loading in the catalyst formulation will be nonlinear. 

Another example often quoted is that there is no sample effect when measuring the length of a table. First, this is an incomplete definition of a measurand, since it is not clear what is meant by the length. But if, for example, the table forms a part of a measuring system to measure the precise shape of objects then the shape of the table can have an influence on the result. Then such factors as the material of the table, its temperature coefficient, the temperature gradients across the table, the loading of the table, the friction between its feet and the floor are sample effects that need to be taken into account. 

From the definition of the capacity factors and the F factor (see Example 11.1), alternative expressions for the gas and liquid loadings are... 

Another disease of prominent dermatological interest is pellagra, in which pyridoxine deficiency seems to represent one of the pathogenetic factors even though of less importance than the fundamental niacin deficiency. For this reason Csermely and Zardi (G13) examined 12 patients with this disease in an attempt to demonstrate a pyridoxine deficiency by determining xanthurenic acid after loading wiA L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg). The results obtained (C13) show that an abnormal excretion of xanthurenic acid occurred in 5 of 12 patients. Furthermore, the clinical picture of the disease does not differ in patients with normal or abnormal xanthurenic acid output. These data provide no definite information in regard to this disease, in which more than one metabolite would have to be measured. 

Dijfuse sources are highly dynamic, spread out pollution sources and their magnitude is closely related to meteorological factors such as precipitation. Major diffuse sources under this definition include surface runoff (load from atmospheric deposition), groundwater, erosion (load from eroded material), diffuse loads of paved urban areas (atmospheric deposition, traffic, corrosion) including combined sewer overflows, since these events occur discontinuously over time and are closely related to precipitation (it has to be pointed out that emissions from urban areas are also partly involved in the point source term, so these discharges are not constant in reahty). Both point and diffuse sources contribute to the total contaminant load of rivers. 

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