Liver X receptor

Auboeuf D, Rieusset J, Fajas L, Vallier P, Frering V, Riou JP, et al. Tissue distribution and quantification of the expression of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptor-alpha in humans no alteration in adipose tissue of obese and NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1997 46 1319-1327. 

STD has also been shown to be regulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) [34], CAR [35] and liver X receptor (LXR) [36]. Interestingly, all four receptors share the same IR-0 response element to regulate the expression of this S ULT isoform. The hierarchy and relative contribution of individual nuclear receptors in Sult2a regulation remain to be determined. 

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the same NR family as PXR and CAR. Their primary role lies in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism regulation. Like many NRs of this family, FXR heterodimerizes with RXR in vivo [46]. 

Janowski, B.A., Grogan, M.J., Jones, S.A., Wisely, G.B., Kliewer, S.A., Corey, E.J. and Mangelsdorf, D.J. (1999) Structural requirements of ligands for the oxysterol liver X receptors LXRa and LXRp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 266-271. 

A., Gustafsson, J.A. and Carlquist, M. (2003) The three-dimensional structure of the liver X receptor beta reveals a flexible ligand-binding pocket that can accommodate fundamentally different ligands. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 38821-38828. 

M., Burton, C., Sparrow, C.P., Menke, J.G. and Singh, S.B. (2005) Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of podocarpic add amides as liver X receptor agonists for potential treatment of atherosclerosis. Bioorganic at Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 15, 4574—4578. 

NO inhibitors HIF inhibitors Dandrolene-related agents Novel lipoproteins Liver X receptor agonists Nutrigenomics Nutraceuticals Brain metabolic enhancers... 

Fukumoto, H., Deng, A., Irizarry, M.C., Fitzgerald, M.L., Rebeck, G.W. (2002) Induction of the cholesterol transport ABCAl in central nervous system cells by liver X receptor agonists increases secreted AP levels. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 48508-48513. 

Another receptor, LXR (Liver X receptor), also exists in alpha and beta forms, and acts as a receptor for cholesterol and its degradation products, which accumulate when cholesterol levels are high. LXRs are expressed in the liver and lower digestive tract, where they regulate cholesterol and bile-acid homeostasis. LXR-beta activates reverse cholesterol transport from the periphery to the liver. LXR-alpha, which is found in the liver, promotes catabolism in the liver and drives catabolism of cholesterol to BAs. Its activation in the liver increases... 

X Receptor alpha and beta, Liver X Receptor alpha and beta, and Vitamin D Receptor, International Union of Pharmacology, LXII. 

J. Fukuchl, J.M. Kokontls, R.A. Hllpakka, C.P. Chuu, S. Liao, Antiproliferative effect of liver X receptor agonists on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 7686-7689. 

The Streptomyces strain that produces celastramycin A (1212) has also yielded celastramycin B (2166) (1225). Another Streptomyces sp. has afforded bischloro-anthrabenzoxocinone ((-)-BABX) (2167), which has antibacterial activity and inhibits ligand-binding activity of liver X receptors (1937). An example of a rare chlorinated anthraquinone is anthrasesamone C (2168), which was characterized in the Japanese plant Sesamum indicum (1938). The angucycline-type marmycin B... 

Repa JJ, Mangelsdorf DJ. The liver X receptor gene team potential new players in atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2002 8 1243-1248. 

Auboeuf, D., Rieusset, J., Fajas, L., Vallier, P., Frering, V., Riou, J. P., Staels, B., Auw-erx, J., Laville, M., and Vidal, H. (1997). Tissue Distribution and Quantification of the Expression of mRNAS of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Liver X Receptor a in humans. Diabetes 46, 1319-1327. 

Abbreviations. AhR, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor TCDD, tetrachlorodibenzodioxin PXR, pregnenolone-16a-nitrile-X-receptor PCN, pregnenolone-16a-nitrile CAR, constitutive androstane receptor MC, methylcholanthrene PPARa, peroxisome proliferated-activated receptor-a FXR, famesoid-X-receptor LXR, liver-X-receptor RXR, retinod-X-receptor 5-HETE, 5-OH-eicosatetraenoic acid LTB4, leukotriene B4 13-HODE, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid DMXAA, dimethylxan-thenone-4-acetic acid. 

Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, et al. Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem 275 28240-28245, 2000. 

The ecdysone receptor belongs to the same subfamily of nuclear receptors as the liver X receptor LXR, the famesoid X receptor FXR and the vitamin D receptor VDR [8,[48]. All these receptors bind steroid-related compounds (oxysterol, bile acids and vitamin D). A detailed sequence alignment and a phylogenetic analysis encompassing 19 EcR protein sequences of various arthropods has been perfcxmed by Bonneton et al [46]. We will summarize here the main issues of this study. 

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