Liver Vessels

Liver "Hepatitis" and cirrhosis of liver - Ragwort or groundsel Pyrrolizidine alkaloids -attack liver vessels - affects... 

For the documentation of tumor size, tumor location and tumor vascularization unenhanced and contrast-enhanced MR or CT images should be obtained before planning the TACE treatment. Thereby exposure of the liver vessels should be performed for pre-interventional evaluation of the anatomy and patency of the vessels. 

Fig. 2.13a-c. Automatic segmentation of hepatic parenchyma by means of liver vessels definition, a Three-dimensional reconstruction of different segments of hepatic artery, b Three-dimensional view of portal vein segmentation, c Similar view of segmental distribution of hepatic veins... 

Couinaud named the eight segments of the liver from the centre (segment 1) clockwise when a cast of the liver vessels is seen from in front, allegedly reproducing the distribution of the arrondissements of Paris (Bismuth H, personal communication) (Fig. 4.5). 

Lipoprotein fraction with apolipoprotein A-I as structural protein. HDL is believed to carry cholesterol away from the blood vessels and back to the liver. High... 

Nicotinic acid has been used to treat hyperlipidemia when of the order of 1—6 g/d are required, causing dilation of blood vessels and flushing, with skin irritation. Intakes of both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in excess of 500 mg/d can cause liver damage. 

PBPK models have also been used to explain the rate of excretion of inhaled trichloroethylene and its major metabolites (Bogen 1988 Fisher et al. 1989, 1990, 1991 Ikeda et al. 1972 Ramsey and Anderson 1984 Sato et al. 1977). One model was based on the results of trichloroethylene inhalation studies using volunteers who inhaled 100 ppm trichloroethylene for 4 horns (Sato et al. 1977). The model used first-order kinetics to describe the major metabolic pathways for trichloroethylene in vessel-rich tissues (brain, liver, kidney), low perfused muscle tissue, and poorly perfused fat tissue and assumed that the compartments were at equilibrium. A value of 104 L/hour for whole-body metabolic clearance of trichloroethylene was predicted. Another PBPK model was developed to fit human metabolism data to urinary metabolites measured in chronically exposed workers (Bogen 1988). This model assumed that pulmonary uptake is continuous, so that the alveolar concentration is in equilibrium with that in the blood and all tissue compartments, and was an expansion of a model developed to predict the behavior of styrene (another volatile organic compound) in four tissue groups (Ramsey and Andersen 1984). 

The portal vein is the primary vessel leading into the liver it receives deoxygenated venous blood flow from the small intestine, stomach, pancreas, and spleen (Fig. 19-1). The inflow from these organ systems accounts for approximately 75% of... 

Sinusoidal damage from cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension. The sinusoids are porous vessels within the liver that surround radiating rows of hepatocytes, the basic functional cells of the liver (Fig. 19-2). Progressive destruction of hepatocytes and an increase in fibroblasts and connective tissue surrounding the hepatocytes culminate in cirrhosis. Fibrosis and regenerative nodules of scar tissue... 

The splanchnic system drains venous blood from the GI tract to the liver. In portal hypertension there is increased resistance to drainage from the originating organ so collateral vessels (varices) develop in the esophagus, stomach, and rectum to compensate for the increased blood volume. Varices divert blood meant for hepatic circulation back to the systemic circulation this has the unintended deleterious effect of decreasing clearance of medications and potential toxins through loss of first-pass metabolism. Varices are weak superficial vessels, and any additional increase in pressure can cause these vessels to rupture and bleed.15... 

The liver is a large and distensible organ. As such, large quantities of blood may be stored in its blood vessels providing a blood reservoir function. Under normal physiological conditions, the hepatic veins and hepatic sinuses contain approximately 450 ml of blood, or almost 10% of blood volume. When needed, this blood may be mobilized to increase venous return and cardiac output. 

Chylomicrons leave the absorptive cell by way of exocytosis. Because they are unable to cross the basement membrane of the blood capillaries, the chylomicrons enter the lacteals, which are part of the lymphatic system. The vessels of the lymphatic system converge to form the thoracic duct that drains into the venous system near the heart. Therefore, unlike products of carbohydrate and protein digestion that are transported directly to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein, absorbed lipids are diluted in the blood... 

The arARs are present in many tissues including brain, heart, blood vessels, liver, kidney, prostate and spleen, where they mediate a variety of physiological effects such as neurotransmission, vasoconstriction, cardiac inotropy and chronotropy and... 

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