Lithium, use

With the knowledge now of the magnitude of the mobility, we can use equation A2.4.38 to calculate the radii of the ions thus for lithium, using the value of 0.000 89 kg s for the viscosity of pure water (since we are using the conductivity at infinite dilution), the radius is calculated to be 2.38 x 10 m (=2.38 A). This can be contrasted with the crystalline ionic radius of Li, which has the value 0.78 A. The difference between these values reflects the presence of the hydration sheath of water molecules as we showed above, the... 

The submitters report that the purity of the product is rather dependent upon the purity of the lithium used and that results can vary from batch to batch. In addition, they state that side reactions may be catalyzed by traces of heavy metals, that the degree of vigor in the initial reaction may influence the purity of the product owing to local overheating, and that increase in scale of this reaction is deleterious. 

Johnson RE, McFarland BH (1996). Lithium use and discontinuation in a health maintenance organisation. Am J Psychiatry 153, 993-1000. 

The quality of phenyl-lithium used to generate ylides can have a pronounced effect on the stereochemistry of olefin synthesis. In the reactions of the ylide (36) with the aldehydes (37) c/5-olefins were obtained using a phenyl-lithium solution containing one equivalent of total base while /m/ij-olefins resulted from the use of an amount of this solution containing one equivalent of genuine phenyl-lithium together with six equivalents of other, unspecified, base. ... 

In the solid-state structure of dilithiated fluoranthene (235), generated from 234 in dimethoxyethane at room temperature by Bock and coworkers (Scheme 82), lithium-DME units are capping the naphthalene moiety from both sides of the plane alternatingly (compound 235 forms a coordination polymer in the solid state). The metallic lithium, used for the reaction, was activated by ultrasonic irradiation. Moreover, several structures of related polysodium compounds were also characterized in the solid state . 

Displacement of a phenylthio group by lithium using LiDBB at —78°C was found to be effective for the preparation of a /ra r-4-lithio-l,3-dioxane configurationally stable at that temperature. Reaction with alkyl halides with retention of the configuration afforded the /ra r-dioxanes with 99 1 selectivity. Equilibration of the trans-configurated 4-lithio-l,3-dioxane to the thermodynamically more stable r-derivative was achieved upon warming the solution to —20 °C. The transjcis-ratio was approximately 1 5. This ratio was also found after alkylation with alkyl halides (Scheme 60) <1999JOC6849>. 

The appearance of laboratory abnormalities does not require cessation of treatment however, if enzyme levels do not stabilize or return to normal, VPA should be discontinued and an alternate mood-stabilizing agent such as lithium used in its place. Liver function tests should be monitored more often during the first several weeks of therapy and every 6 to 12 months afterward. Routine liver function testing probably does not significantly prevent the occurrence of these unpredictable drug effects. Therefore, patients should be cautioned to immediately report symptoms of possible early hepatotoxicity such as easy bruising, decreased appetite, malaise, jaundice, and periorbital or dependent edema. In summary ... 

Moore JA (1995) An assessment of lithium using the IEHR evaluative process for assessing human development and reproductive toxicity of agents. IEHR Expert Scientific Committee. Reprod Toxicol, 9 175-210. 

Lithium, use of, 931 Lithium aluminium hydride, reductions with, 877-881... 

Fig. 8.4 Coulometric titration of a silicon electrode with lithium using a lithium counter electrode and a LiCJ-KCl eutectic at 680 K. Current density = 1 mA/cm2. (By permission of the Journal of the Electrochemical Society as Fig. 8,3,)...

Metallic lithium in the form of a suspension has been used to polymerize isoprene (97) but the system is not too suitable for an exact analysis of the mechanism. The conversion-time curves are sigmoidal in shape. Minoux (66) has shown that the overall rate is not very dependent on the amount of lithium dispersion used as expected if the organo-lithium intermediates are highly associated. The molecular weight of the polymer is more dependent on quantity of lithium used. The observed kinetic behaviour is very similar to that shown in lithium alkyl initiation. This suggests that apart from differences in the initiation step, the mechanisms are quite similar. 

In order to obtain different extent of lithiation in reaction (1) the following experimental variables were changed temperature of dehydroxy lation, the amount of butyl lithium used, temperature and time of the reaction. The palladium content of the catalyst was... 

Hyperthyroidism has also been associated with lithium use and withdrawal, although a cause-and-effect relation has been more difficult to establish. In fact, lithium has been used with some success to treat hyperthyroidism, particularly in conjunction with propylthiouracil (652) and 131I (603). 

Miller KK, Daniels GH. Association between lithium use and thyrotoxicosis caused by silent thyroiditis. Chn Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001 55(4) 501-8. 

A major problem with lithium use is the danger of accumulation within the body.27 Lithium is not metabolized, and drug elimination takes place almost exclusively through excretion in the urine. Consequently, lithium has a tendency to accumulate in the body, and toxic levels can frequently be reached during administration. 

Also known as water diabetes, diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare chronic disease that causes excessive urination. If not properly treated, it can result in electrolyte imbalance and dehydration. It may be caused by a number of factors, including lithium use (a psychiatric drug used for bipolar disorder), neurological disease, or an inadequate amount of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, or vasopressin, which is produced by the pituitary gland). DI caused by insufficient ADH is called central diabetes insipidus. 

Bromine at C5 was exchanged with lithium using BuLi in THF at -100°C or with magnesium using zso-propylmagnesium chloride in... 

The lithium used in some pharmaceutical compounds for treating depression is the +1 ion. How many protons does this ion have How many electrons ... 

However laboratory experiments showed that it did not in fact dissolve uric acid crystals, and its use started to decline. Uric acid also dropped out of fashion. However old ideas and practices can take a long time to die out. Lithium continued to be prescribed for gout, arthritis, rheumatism and other complaints. It was listed as a recommended treatment for these conditions until the 1930s in major pharmacopoeias. Even when these publications admitted there was no rational foundations for the use of these (lithium) salts, they still listed indications for lithium use and instructions on how to administer it... 

Weiner, R., Whanger, A., Erwin, C., William, W. (1980). Prolonged confusional state and EEG seizure activity following concurrent ECT and lithium use. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1452—1453. 

There are two more isomers of the butyl group, both of which have common names and abbreviations. The sec-butyl group (s-butyl or s-Bu) has a methyl and an ethyl group joined to the same carbon atom. It appears in an organolithium compound, sec-butyl lithium, used to introduce lithium atoms into organic molecules. 

---