Liquid with electrochemical detection

H. Fujimoto, I. Nishino, K. Ueno and T. Umeda, Determination of the enantiomers of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist in dog plasma achiral / chiral coupled high performance liquid cliromatography with electrochemical detection , 7. Pharm. Sci. 82 319-322(1993). 

B.-M. Eriksson and B.-A. Persson, Determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in plasma by direct injection in coupled-column liquid clrromatography with electrochemical detection , 7. Chromatogr. 459 351-360 (1988). 

Micellar gradient elution liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection with sodium dodecyl sulfate has been used to separate phenols [186]. 

Because of this lack of resolving power, much electroanalytical research is aimed at providing increased selectivity. This can be accomplished in two ways. First, electrochemistry can be combined with another technique which provides the selectivity. Examples of this approach are liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) and electrochemical enzyme immunoassay (EEIA). The other approach is to modify the electrochemical reaction at the electrode to enhance selectivity. This... 

Monitoring enzyme catalyzed reactions by voltammetry and amperometry is an extremely active area of bioelectrochemical interest. Whereas liquid chromatography provides selectivity, the use of enzymes to generate electroactive products provides specificity to electroanalytical techniques. In essence, enzymes are used as a derivatiz-ing agent to convert a nonelectroactive species into an electroactive species. Alternatively, electrochemistry has been used as a sensitive method to follow enzymatic reactions and to determine enzyme activity. Enzyme-linked immunoassays with electrochemical detection have been reported to provide even greater specificity and sensitivity than other enzyme linked electrochemical techniques. 

Kojima, T., Nishina, T., Kitamura, M., Kamatani, N. and Nishioka, K. (1989). Reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatography of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine in serum and urine with electrochemical detection. Clin. Chim. Acta 181, 109-114. 

Shigenaga, M.K., Park, J.W., Cundy, K.C., Cimeno, C.J. and Ames, B.N. (1990). In pim oxidative DNA damage, measurement of 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine in DNA and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Meth. Enzymol. 186, 521-530. 

Imperato, A., and Di Chiara, G. Transtriatal dialysis coupled to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection A new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites. J Neurosci A.966-911, 1984. 

Caliguri, E. J, Capella, P., Bottari, L., and Mefford, I. N., High-speed microbore liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using 3 p C18 packing, Anal. Chem., 57, 2423, 1985. 

Mishin, V. M., Koivisto, T., and Lieber, C. S., The determination of cytochrome P450 2E1 -dependent p-nitrophenol hydroxylation by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Biochem., 233,212,1996. 

Kafil, J. B., Cheng, H.-Y., and Last, T. A., Quantitation of nucleic acids at the picogram level using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 58, 285, 1986. 

Mayer, W. J. and Greenberg, M. S., Determination of some carbamate pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, ]. Chromatogr., 208, 295, 1981. 

Feubolt, R. and Klein, H., Determination of sulphite and ascorbic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography withe electrochemical detection,. Chromatogr., 640, 271, 1993. 

Dean et al. [93] used a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine in plasma with electrochemical detection. After the addition of the internal standard, plasma was deproteinized by the addition of acetonitrile. Nitrogen-dried supernatants, resuspended in mobile phase were analyzed on a C8 reversed-phase column. Limits of detection for primaquine and carboxyprimaquine were 2 and 5 ng/mL with quantitation limits of 5 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. The assay sensitivity and specificity are sufficient to permit quantitation of the drug in plasma for pharmacokinetics following low dose (30 mg, base) oral administration of primaquine, typically used in the treatment of malaria and P. carinii pneumonia. 

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation with electrochemical detection may provide the best sensitivity for phenol quantification in biological samples. The use of gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector may be a more versatile method, if other non-ionic pollutants must be quantified. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods available for the quantification of phenol and metabolites in biological and environmental samples have been discussed by Tesarova and Packova(1983). 

Paterson B, Cowie CE, Jackson PE. 1996. Determination of phenols in environmental waters using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 731 95-102. 

Raggi MA, Sabbioni C, Casamenti G, Gerra G, Calonghi N, et al. 1999. Determination of catecholamines in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chrom B 730 201-211. 

Liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection this technique, in combination with a high-throughput liquid-absorption pre-concentrator (HTLAP) that sampled air and collected analytes from vapours or aerosols into a small volume of liquid absorbent, was used by Zaromb et al. [47] for the detection and analysis of cocaine and heroin in air. 

Lloyd JBF. 1983. High-performance liquid chromatography of organic explosives components with electrochemical detection at a pendant mercury drop electrode. J Chromatogr 257 227-236. 

Aravagiri M, Marder SR, Van Putten T, et al. Determination of risperidone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection application to therapeutic drug monitoring in schizophrenic patients. J Pharm Sci 1993 82 447-449. 

Aravagiri M, Ames D, Wirshing WC, et al. Plasma level monitoring of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ther Drug Monii 1997 19 307-313. 

The chemical properties of HVA, 5HIAA and 3-MD make them amenable to reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Furthermore, the composition of CSF means that little, if any, sample preparation is required prior to analysis. However, the susceptibility of these metabolites to oxidation means that careful sample collection and storage is required in order to minimise analyte degradation. 

Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) is in widespread use for the trace determination of easily oxidizable and reducible organic compounds. Detection limits at the 0.1-pmol level have been achieved for a number of oxidizable compounds. Due to problems with dissolved oxygen and electrode stability, the practical limit of detection for easily reducible substances is currently about 10-fold less favorable. As with all detectors, such statements of the minimum detectable quantity must be considered only with the proverbial grain of salt. Detector performance varies widely with the analyte and the chromatographic conditions. For example, the use of 100- m-diameter flow systems can bring attomole detection limits within reach, but today this is not a practical reality. 

A Stitz, W Buchberger. Determination of sugar, sugar degradation products and alcohols by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Fresenius J Anal Chem 339 55-57, 1991. 

MA Schneiderman, AK Sharma, KRR Mahanama, DC Locke. Determination of vitamin K, in powdered infant formulas, using supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 815-817, 1988. 

V Piironen, T Koivu, O Tammisalo, P Mattila. Determination of phylloquinone in oils, margarines and butter by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Food Chem 59 473-480, 1997. 

MM Delgado Zamarreno, A Sanchez Perez, MC Gomez Perez, J Hernandez Mendez. Automatic determination of liposoluble vitamins in butter and margarine using Triton X-100 aqueous micellar solution by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 315 201-208, 1995. 

H Iwase, I Ono. Determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in juices by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using L-cysteine as precolumn reduc-tant. J Chromatogr 654 215-220, 1993. 

S Lihl, A Rehorek, M Petz. High-performance liquid-chromatographic determination of penicillins by means of automated solid-phase extraction and photochemical degradation with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 729 229-235, 1996. 

PG Schermerhom, PS Chu, PJ Kijak. Determination of spectinomycin residues in bovine milk using liquid-chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Agric Food Chem 43 2122-2125, 1995. 

TG Diaz, AG Cabanillas, MIA Valenzuela, CA Correa, F Salinas. Determination of nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and furaltadonc in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 764 243-248, 1997. 

W Luo, EB Hansen Jr, CYW Ang, HC Thompson Jr. Determination of lincomycin residue in salmon tissues by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J AOAC Int 79 839-843, 1996. 

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