Liquid metals titanium

In its resistance to liquid metals, titanium shows variable behaviour, the rate of attack often depending upon temperature and increasing with rise in temperature. By thickening the surface film of oxide, resistance to attack is enhanced, and, for example, repeated repair of the surface film renders titanium resistant, on a limited-time basis, to molten zinc in galvanising baths. A surface-oxide thickening technique also enables titanium to be employed in contact with molten aluminium. Titanium equipment is also used in applications involving lead-tin solders, and it is resistant to mercury, at least up to 150 C. 

Liquid metals Titanium exhibits good corrosion resistance to many liquid metals at moderate temperatures. In some cases, at higher temperatures it dissolves rapidly. It is used successfully in some applications up to 900°C. Titanium is used in molten aluminum for pouring nozzles, skimmer rakes, and casting ladles. Rapidly flowing molten aluminum, however, can erode titanium, and some metals such as cadmium can cause stress-corrosion cracking. 

Some liquid metals have been observed to cause embrittlement in many titanium alloys. In mercury, for example, Ti-8Al-lMo-lV exhibits both intergranular and transgranular fracture with velocities as high as lOcm/s. Heat treatment affects this behaviour in a manner similar to that observed in aqueous and methanolic solutions. Some alloys are embrittled by liquid cadmium and zinc. More surprising, perhaps, is the observed solid metal embrittlement which has been found on titanium alloy components coated with cadmium, silver or zinc Service failures of cadmium-plated Ti-6A1-4V fasteners have been reported , and cracking of this alloy and... 

The ease of oxidation of magnesium is important in the commercial manufacture of titanium metal. Titanium, when quite pure, shows great promise as a structural metal, but the economics of production have thus far inhibited its use. One of the processes currently used, the Kroll process, involves the reduction of liquid titanium tetrachloride with molten metallic magnesium ... 

Other samples examined to date have included mass-transfer inclur s from liquid metal cooling systems, titanium alloy phases, and interm c... 

Copper oxides give rise to numerous accidents. When copper (II) oxide was heated with boron, it gave a highly violent reaction, which caused the melting of the Pyrex container. This is true for alkali metals and titanium as well as aluminium. The reactions lead to liquid metal copper. The emissions of glowing compounds make the reaction very dangerous. 

See Oxygen (Gas) Titanium, and Oxygen (Liquid) Metals, also Oxygen (Gas) Polytetrafluoroethylene, Stainless steel... 

Fig. 5. Radioactivity after shutdown per watt of thermal power for A, a liquid-metal fast breeder reactor, and for a D—T fusion reactor made of various structural materials B, HT-9 ferritic steel C, V-15Cr-5Ti vanadium—chromium—titanium alloy and D, silicon carbide, SiC, showing the million-fold advantage of SiC over steel a day after shutdown. The radioactivity level after shutdown is also given for E, a SiC fusion reactor using the neutron reduced...

The activation of aluminum with ultrasound or dispersion of liquid aluminum. The suspension of powder aluminum in petrol or n-geptane without oxygen is subjected to ultrasound the tough oxide film on the surface of aluminum is removed and aluminum becomes reactive. The second activation technique is the dispersion of liquid aluminum with argon or purified nitrogen flow into a finely dispersed state. It should be noted, however, that the most reactive aluminum powder for direct synthesis is the powder alloyed with transition metals (titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum) with the size of particles from 10 to 125 pm. 

Ti(II) tends to form polymers or aggregates upon increasing the Ti(II) concentration or the liquid acidity. Electrochemical, either galvanostatic or potentiostatic, oxidation of Ti metal produces either passive TiCl3 film or volatile TiCl4 which escapes from the liquid. The oxidation of metallic titanium to Ti(II) by direct anodization of Ti metal in this liquid has not yet been described. 

The electrochemical behavior of titanium species has been investigated in an acidic EMICI-AICI3 ionic liquid [32]. Titanium dichloride, TiCl2, dissolves up to 60 and 170 mmol dm at 80°C in the acidic ionic liquids of 60.0 and 66.7 mol% AICI3, respectively. The divalent titanium species, Ti(ll), is less stable in the weakly acidic ionic liquid, leading to the disproportionation into insoluble titanium trichloride and metallic Ti. Metallic Ti is impossible to obtain probably because of the large overpotential of the electrodeposition of metallic Ti whose reduction potential is... 

Shkiro, V. M., and Borovinskaya, I. P., Capillary flow of liquid metal during combustion of titanium mixtures with carbon. Combust. Explos. Shock Waves, 12,828 (1976). 

All the alloys studied were smelted on a base of commercial titanium alloy of technical purity BT1-0 (Fe<0.25 Si<0.1 C<0.07 N<0.04 O<0.2 others<0.3. Compositions are provided in wt. %) with plasma-arc method in argon atmosphere. The BT1-0 alloy itself is determined as pseudo a-alloy, which has coefficient of P-phase stabilization kp = 0.05 [4, 5], Temperatures of smelts were between 1620-1660 °C. Liquid metal was decanted into graphite mold inside of melting chamber. Obtained cylindrical ingots of 60 mm diameter and 150-400 mm length were cooled to 600 °C inside of chamber and after that to room temperature in air outside of equipment. 

Formed by passing chlorine gas over metallic titanium, or a mixture of titanic acid and charcoal, at a red-heat. It is a transparent colourless liquid, boiling a little above 212", and fuming strongly in the air. When a few drops of water are added to a portion of it, a very violent action takes place, and a solid hydrate of titanic acid is left, hydrochloric acid being given off. Ti Cl,-h2 HO=Ti 0,-f2 H Cl. It absorbs a large quantity of ammonia, and yields a solid compound. 

Vanadium also forms a very stable carbide VC, and carburization of this metal is part of the corrosion reactions of vanadium based alloys contacted with liquid lithium as well as sodium. Vanadium alloys with contents of titanium have an even higher affinity to form solid carbides by absorbing of carbon from liquid metals. In systems in which vanadium titanium alloys and stainless steels are in contact with the same lithium or sodium, carbon migrates from the steel to the refractory metal alloy, thus passing the alkali metal serving as a transport medium The free energies of formation of the alkali acetylides are compared with the values of several metal carbides in Table V. 

Smitheries were excluded from this document s scope since no European smitheries were reported which met the conditions stated in Annex I 2.3.(b). This document therefore only discusses foundry processes. Cadmium, titanium and precious metals foundries, as well as bell casting and art casting foundries were also excluded on capacity grounds. Continuous casting (into sheets and slabs) has already been covered in the BREF documents related to iron and steel production and non-ferrous metal industries, and therefore, it is not dealt with in this document. In covering non-ferrous metals in this document, the process is considered to start with the melting of ingots and internal scrap or with liquid metal. 

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