Liquid medication delivery system

Health care providers including nurses, pharmacists, and physicians should demonstrate to parents and older children how medications should be administered and offer appropriate dosing devices (oral syringe, dropper, cylindrical medication spoon, or a small-volume doser with attachable nipple) to enable parents to accurately measure liquid products. A household teaspoon or tablespoon should not be used for medication administration because they are inaccurate. Kraus and Stohlmeyer explain the use of a new oral liquid medication delivery system that can be used for infants and young children who still use a bottle for feeding. 

Kraus, D.M. Stohlmeyer, L.A. Hannon, P.R. Infant acceptance and effectiveness of a new oral liquid medication delivery system. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 1999, 56, 1094-1101. 

J.W. Gibson, S.S. Miller, J.C. Middleton, and A.J. Tipton, High viscosity liquid controlled delivery system and medical or surgical device, US Patent 7833543, assigned to Durect Corporation (Cupertino, CA), November 16,2010. 

Parenteral delivery systems involve the use of needles. This is painful for the patient, as well as generally requiring the intervention of medical professionals. The oral route, which involves merely swallowing a tablet, liquid or capsule, thus represents a much more convenient and attractive route for drag delivery. Transdermal patches are also well accepted by patients and convenient. Some other dosage forms, for example nebulizers, pessaries and suppositories, may meet with more limited patient compliance. 

One of the oldest medical aerosol delivery systems is the air jet nebulizer, which forms a fine mist of liquid droplets from a drug solution that a patient breathes over a period of 10-30 min/dose. The cumbersome... 

The metering valve in an MDI is the critical component in the design of an effective delivery system. The main function of the metering valve is to reproducibly deliver a portion of the liquid phase of the formulation in which the medication is either dissolved or dispersed. The valve also forms the seal atop the canister to prevent loss of the pressurized contents. The valves generally comprise at least seven components that are constructed from a variety of inert materials. Typical materials of construction are acetal or polyester for the valve body, stainless steel or acetal for the valve stem, generally anodized aluminum for the ferrule, and butyl, nitrile, or neoprene for the elastomers used in the seals and gaskets [43],... 

Needle-Free Drug Delivery Systems. The three types of needle-free drug delivery systems are liquid, powder, and depot injections. Each of these types uses some form of mechanical compression to create enough pressure to force the medication into the skin. Although these needle-free delivery systems cost more initially and require more technical expertise... 

Transdermal drug-delivery systems offer several important adventages over more traditional approaches, in addition to the benefits of avoiding the hepatic first-pass effect. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are usually in the form of patches incorporating pressure sensitive adhesives. There are two basic designs for transdermal patches matrix or reservoir type. Matrix-type patches include monolithic adhesive and polymer matrices, whereas reservoir-type patches include liquid and solid-state reservoirs [71-73]. For various types of transdermal delivery systems, medical grade adhesive silicones are used as [73,74] ... 

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