Liquid-applied materials

Miki et al. (2000) used a photopolymerized liquid applied material for sealing corneal perforations. The novel photocrosslinkable methacrylated hyaluronic... 

Types of Covers. In addition to BUR, there are many different types of new membranes that are mostly prefebrieated sheets or liquid-applied materials that cure to form waterproof sheets or closed cell foams. They are made from a wide variety of synthetic organic materials (polymers) with various chemical compositions and additives. In some cases, natural materials such as bitumen, organic fibers, etc. are compounded with them. 

The number of types of products manufactured to satisfy these requirements makes generalization difficult. Any system of classification is arbitrary, though one of the most useful is the distinction between the preformed sheet systems and the liquid-applied materials. The preformed sheets are manufactured under factory conditions but are often difficult to install, usually require adhesives and are highly vulnerable to the quality of the workmanship at critical locations in the installation. Although it is more difficult to control the quality of the liquid-applied systems, they are easier to apply and tend to be less expensive. 

Blistering, which affects both preformed sheets and liquid-applied materials, is the single greatest problem encountered in appl5fing waterproofing membranes. 

Coal tar-modified polyurethane is a cold-applied liquid waterproofing system. The system by Sonneborn is an example of this approach to waterproofing. It is applied as a liquid at the rate of 10-15 mils/coat. The coating dries hard, but has some elasticity. This material may be attacked by acids in groundwater but can be defended by a protection board. The performance of any liquid-applied waterproofing systems is limited by the capabilities of the applicator (it is difficult to achieve even coats on vertical surfaces). 

Lee, C.M., Jeong, H.J., Lim, S.T., Sohn, M.H. and Kim, D.W. (2010) Synthesis of iron oxide nanopartides with control over shape using imidazolium-based ionic liquids. ACS Applied Materials S, Interfaces, 2 (3), 756-759. 

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a common technique for the classification of individual phase transitions in liquid-crystalline materials and has been applied for the phase characterization of alkyl-modified chromatographic surfaces. Hansen and Callis [187] applied DSC to investigate phase changes in Cig and C22... 

The liquid applied undiluted to the eye of a rabbit caused transient irritation. An LDso of 1.4g/kg was obtained when tbe material was applied undiluted for 24 hours to the rabbit skin. Repeated application (20 times) to the skin of a rabbit caused slight crustiness. However, the dermis and subcutaneous tissue showed extensive necrosis. 

Data for thermal movement of various bitumens and felts and for composite membranes have been given (1). These describe the development of a thermal shock factor based on strength factors and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. Tensile and flexural fatigue tests on roofing membranes were taken at 21 and 18°C, and performance criteria were recommended. A study of four types of fluid-applied roofing membranes under cyclic conditions showed that they could not withstand movements of <1.0 mm over joints. The limitations of present test methods for new roofing materials, such as prefabricated polymeric and elastomeric sheets and liquid-applied membranes, have also been described (1). For evaluation, both laboratory and field work are needed. 

AMERICAN AIR LIQUIDE HOLDINGS INC AMERICAN POWER CONVERSION CORP AMERICAN SUPERCONDUCTOR CORP APPLIED MATERIALS INC ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO AREVA GROUP... 

Wetproofed porous electrodes, applied previously in fuel cells, have also been tested as cathodes for electrosynthesis from gaseous and liquid starting materials with limited solubility in water. The reagent is supplied through the hydrophobic electrode, which is in contact with an aqueous electrolyte. They present some attractive advantages over conventional electrodes because they ... 

One way to apply such moderate pressure is to enclose the wet-liquid resin material and mold in a flexible membrane or bag, and draw a vacuum inside the enclosure. Atmospheric pressure on the outside then presses the bag or membrane uniformly against the wet lay-up. An effective pressure of 69-283 kPa (10 to 14 psi) is applied to the product. Air is mechanically worked out of the lay-up by hand usually using serrated rollers. The vacuum direcdy helps to remove air in the wet lay-up via techniques such as using bleeder channels within the bag (using material such as jute, glass wool, etc.) to aid in the removal of air and also to permit drainage of any excess resin. This layup is than exposed to heat using an oven or heat lamp. 

Fatigue data of corrosion resistant steels and other relevant high strength materials are easy available for non-corrosive ambiance (air, oil). For the large variety of liquids applied in production processes the data have to be evaluated from special fatigue tests with corrosion cells. This paper answers the question if such uniaxial test results can be applied for the real component design in order to meet three-axial corrosion fatigue reality well. 

These devices are used to apply contact or translocated (systemic) herbicides selectively to weeds in crop areas. Wicks made of rope, rollers made of carpet or other material, or absorbent pads made of sponges or fabric are kept wet with a concentrated mixture of contact herbicide and water and brought into direct contact with weeds. The herbicide is "wiped" onto the weeds but does not come in contact with the crop. Application may be to tall weeds growing above the crop or to lower weeds between rows, depending on the way the wiper elements are designed. Pumps, control devices, and nozzles are minimal or are eliminated altogether, and tanks are quite small because of the small amount of liquid applied. 

Dissolved solids or salts in land-applied material can also create problems. They chemically collapse the clay structure, which normally allows soil to hold water. Plants will exhibit drought-like symptoms even with adequate rainfall. Applying sludge in liquid form greatly increases the potential for salt overload. 

The study of liquid crystalline materials by X-ray diffraction has until recently been confined to low molecular weight compounds because of the lack of availability of suitable polymeric mesogens. Based on the observations by X-ray diffraction made with small molecules as reviewed by Azaroflf a system for identifying the type of mesophase has been developed by DeVries and this system is now being applied to polymeric liquid crystals. 

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