Applied membranes

Table 1. Simplified Hot Applied Membrane Material Specifications...

Interface on That at Another Aqueous-Membrane Interface Under an Applied Membrane Potential... 

Owing to the small changes induced by typical membrane potentials, the voltage sensitivity may be accurately expressed as a sum of independent terms. A fractional change in signal (absorbance or fluorescence) per 100 mV of applied membrane potential change was given by Fromherz et al. [66] as ... 

Horton, B.S. 1997. Water, chemical and brine recycle or reuse applying membrane processes. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 52, 68-70. 

T0043 Applied Membrane Technology (AMT), Inc., In Sim Oxygen Diffuser... 

Data for thermal movement of various bitumens and felts and for composite membranes have been given (1). These describe the development of a thermal shock factor based on strength factors and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. Tensile and flexural fatigue tests on roofing membranes were taken at 21 and 18°C, and performance criteria were recommended. A study of four types of fluid-applied roofing membranes under cyclic conditions showed that they could not withstand movements of <1.0 mm over joints. The limitations of present test methods for new roofing materials, such as prefabricated polymeric and elastomeric sheets and liquid-applied membranes, have also been described (1). For evaluation, both laboratory and field work are needed. 

GVS has also dedicated important efforts to demonstrate the possibility to apply membrane contactors to capture C02 from flue gases of steel and power plants. 

The possible products of a reactive membrane separation process are influenced by the mass transfer characteristics of the applied membranes. In the following section it is shown how the concepts and tools, being developed for reactive vapor-liquid separation, can also be used to analyze the feasibility of membrane separators. 

Besides dosing one or several components at discrete positions into a fixed-bed reactor (Fig. 12.14, top), there exists also the possibility of implementing a continuous distributed feeding over the reactor wall (center). This can be conveniently achieved by applying membranes. Possible extensions of the concept consist of implementing stagewise arrangements, as also illustrated in Fig. 12.14 (bottom). 

Recently, an improved channel design has been described, which makes use of solid electrodes as channel walls instead of the former applied membrane system [257-259]. The applied voltages are also much lower and beneath the electrolysis limit (ca. 1-2 V across the channel). Although such a setup was expected to generate fields of sufficient strength to separate colloidal particles, the inevitable electrode polarization limits the working field in the channel to a small fraction of the nominal field. The exact magnitude of the field responsible for retention in El-FFF must therefore be determined by calibration. 

The consequences of applied membrane tension to an intrinsically mechanosensitive channel can be readily evaluated for a simple two-state system where the channel can exist in either closed (C) or open (O) conformations ... 

As described above, the ion transfer through a membrane is controlled practically by the complementary ion transfer reactions at two W/M interfaces when the M contained sufficient electrolytes. This idea was successfully applied to explanations of the following subjects concerning with membrane phenomena [20,21,26]. (1) Influence of ion transfer reaction at one W/M interface on that at another W/M interface under an applied membrane potential (2) Ion transfers through an M in the presence of the objective ion in Wl, M and/or W2 (3) Ion separation by electrolysis under an applied membrane potential (4) Ion transfer through a thin supported liquid membrane. The idea was also demonstrated to be very useful for the elucidation of ion or electron transport process through a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM), which is much thinner than a liquid membrane [21,26]. 

In conclusion, supported bilayers have evolved into a reliable model membrane system since their first inception almost a quarter century ago. Numerous basic research questions regarding the structure and function of biological membranes and applications that range from biosensing to proteomic analyses of membrane components have been addressed with this system. We anticipate more growth and an even more prominent role of this tool in basic and applied membrane research in the decades to come. 

Marshall, S.C., Applying membrane processes The first steps, Aust. Dairy J., 52, 50, 1997. 

In Section 38.4, studies and results obtained by applying membrane contactors to processes of industrial interest are reported and discussed. In particular, the research efforts made to improve membrane contactors performance are furnished for... 

M-N2521A3 Applied Membranes Inc, Vista, California NaCl 2,000 ppm 25°C, 10 bar 264 30... 

Kelly, P.M., Horton, B.S., and Burling, H., Partial demineralization of whey by nanofiltration, New Applied Membrane Processes, International Dairy Federation, Belgium, 1991, pp. 130-140. 

Fluid-Applied Membranes 105 Table 8-2 Chemical Resistance Guide... 

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