Liquefied Petroleum Gases LPGs

Refineries produce more than 2,000 products, but most of these are very similar and differ in only a few specifications. The mam products, with respect to volume and income, are liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), gasolines, diesel fuels, jet fuels, home heating oils (No. 1 and No. 2), and heavy heating oils (No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and bunker fuel oil). Some refineries also produce asphalts and petroleum coke. 

The aromatization of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) has been investigated for more than a decade due to its economical and strategic importance for the exploitation of natural gas reserves and valorization of light hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum refining. Commercially, these reactions using gallium modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts are known as Cyclar process, developed jointly by UOP and BP [1]. 

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), 13 684, 691-692 18 664-665 consumption of, 10 136 gas purification, l 618t as a motor fuel, 12 432 recovery by cryogenic technology, 854-56... 

Alternative fuels Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), Ethanol, 85% (E85), Ethanol, 95% (E95), Methanol, 85% (M85), Methanol, neat (MlOO), Compressed natural gas (CNG), Liquefied natural gas (LNG), Biodiesel (BD), Hydrogen, and Electricity... 

Foams are not suitable extinguishing agents for fires involving pressurized gases and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), such as butane, butadiene, propane, etc. 

NFPA 5 8—Standards for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases contains recommendations for areas where liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) are handled [5.13]. Included are recommendations for wiring requirements, illustrated... 

In refining the oil it is necessary to stabilize the crude by removing the liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), generally containing substantial amounts of H2S and other sulphurized compounds that must be eliminated to protect the LPG plant and produce propane and butane suitable for sale. A Reid vapour-pressure analyser monitors whether the crude has been properly stabilized. 

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), which include propane, butane, isobutane propylene, and mixtures, were ranked twenty-sixth in number of incidents in all modes of transportation during 1995, having been involved in 123 transportation incidents. These gases accounted for the largest number of serious injuries of all hazardous materials incidents and were second in the number of deaths. LPG is consistently one of the highest-volume hazardous materials shipped by rail. In 1994, LPG was ranked number two, with over 150,000 tank carloads shipped. LPG shipments accounted for 22% of aU tank car shipments by rail and 6% of the leaks. 

There are, in general, two types of miscible processes. One is referred to as the single-contact miscible process and involves such injection fluids as liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) and alcohols. The injected fluids are miscible with residual oil immediately on contact. The second type is the multiple-contact, or dynamic, miscible process. The injected fluids in this case are usually methane, inert fluids, or an enriched methane gas supplemented with a C2-C6 fi action. The injected fluid and oil are usually not miscible on first contact but rely on a process of chemical exchange between phases to achieve miscibility. 

Table 1 gives the typical chemical compositions of some of the main fuels by individual molecules, by families of molecules or by analysis of the elements. These include natural gases (NG), liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), unleaded petrols, turbojet fuels, diesel fuels and diesel fuel oils, heavy fuels, low-energy gases. 

Example 1.8 Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) are mixtures of propane (Q) and n-butanc (nC ). Use Raoults law to determine the bubblepoint and dewpoint pressures of a mixture of 50 percent and 50 percent nC (equimolar mixture) at 150"E The vapor pressure data are P "(150 F) = 350psia, P (150 F) lOSpsia. 

For all industrialized countries the chemical industry is an important part of the economy. However, compared to the oil, gas, and coal industries - which are equally reliant on chemical technology - the chemical industry is relatively small. In 2011, six of the ten (and ten of the 20) most important companies by revenue were primarily oil and gas companies, and the biggest chemical company (BASF) was ranked only 62 (Table 1.2.1). Thus the chemical industry, which produces chemicals ranging from base chemicals to fine chemicals mainly from crude oil derivatives, such as naphtha and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), is still has a free ride in terms of energy consumption, which is still mainly driven by crude oil. 

One proposed variation of the process incorporated simultaneous absorption of acid gases and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) in the solvent, followed by separation of the absorbed components by fractional distillation. High percentage removal of both COS and mercaptans was also claimed. 

In the 1960s, it was common practice to flare off petroleum gases at od weds and oil refineries, while Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) were a relatively small global business using refrigerated tankers of 5000-10,000 m capacity to collect LPGs of various compositions from a number of oil refineries. 

Liquefied petroleum gases, LPG, which contain propane, butane and smaller quantities of other hydrocarbons. 

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