A lipoproteins

Familial lipoprotein(a) excess Lp(a) consists of 1 mol of LDL attached to 1 mol of apo(a). Apo(a) shows structural homologies to plasminogen. Premature coronary heart disease due to atherosclerosis, plus thrombosis due to inhibition of fibrinolysis. 

Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, activated protein C resistance, lipoprotein(a) anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, prothrombin gene mutation 20210a... 

Jurgens, G., Ashy, A. and Esterbauer, H. (1990). Detection of new epitopes formed upon oxidation of low density lipoprotein, lipoprotein (a) and very low density lipoprotein. Biochem. J. 265, 605-608. 

Quinn, M.T., Parthasarathy, S., Fong, L.G. and Steinberg, D. (1987). Oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/ macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc. Nad Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2995-2998. 

Lipoprotein (a), lipids, and lipoproteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 50, 366-368. 

Lyons, T.J. (1991). Oxidised low density lipoproteins a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes Diabet. Med. 8, 411-419. 

In addition to the five major risks, the ATP III guidelines recognize other factors that contribute to CHD risk. These are classified as life-habit risk factors and emerging risk factors. Life-habit risk factors, consisting of obesity, physical inactivity, and an atherogenic diet, require direct intervention. For example, emerging risk factors are lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, prothrombotic/proinflammatory factors, and C-reactive protein (CRP). C-reactive protein is a marker of low-level inflammation and appears to help in... 

Lipoproteins. A lipoprotein is an endogenous macromolecule consisting of an inner apolar core of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipid embedded with cholesterol and apoproteins. The functions of lipoproteins are to transport lipids and to mediate lipid metabolism. There are four main types of lipoproteins (classified based on their flotation rates in salt solutions) chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These differ in size, molecular weight, and density and have different lipid, protein, and apoprotein compositions (Table 11). The apoproteins are important determinants in the metabolism of lipoproteins—they serve as ligands for lipoprotein receptors and as mediators in lipoproteins interconversion by enzymes. 

The liver plays a decisive role in the cholesterol metabolism. The liver accounts for 90% of the overall endogenic cholesterol and its esters the liver is also impli-cated in the biliary secretion of cholesterol and in the distribution of cholesterol among other organs, since the liver is responsible for the synthesis of apoproteins for pre-p-lipoproteins, a-lipoproteins, and P-lipoproteins which transport the secreted cholesterol in the blood. In part, cholesterol is decomposed by intestinal micro-flora however, its major part is reduced to coprostanol and cholestanol which, together with a small amount of nonconverted cholesterol, are excreted in the feces. 

Niacin reduces plasma LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides and raises HDL cholesterol in all types of hyperlipoproteinemia [26]. Although available on the market for more than 40 years, the mechanisms of action of niacin are poorly understood. Putative mechanisms are the activation of adipose tissue LPL, diminished HTGL activity, a reduced hepatic production and release of VLDL, and composi-... 

Lipoprotein (a) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease [68]. It consists of two components an LDL particle and apolipoprotein (a) which are linked by a disulfide bridge. Apo(a) reveals a genetically determined size polymorphism, resulting from a variable number of plasminogen kringle IV-type repeats [69]. Statins either do not affect Lp(a) or may even increase Lp(a) [70, 71]. In a study of 51 FH patients, treated with 40 mgd 1 pravastatin, it has been shown that the increase in Lp(a) was greatest in patients with the low molecular-weight apo(a) phenotypes [70]. 

Utermann G. Genetic architecture and evolution of the lipoprotein(a) trait. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999 10 133-141. 

Oda, M.N., Forte, T.M., Ryan, R.O., and Voss, J.C. 2003. The C-terminal domain of apo-lipoprotein A-I contains a lipid-sensitive conformational trigger. Nature Structural Biology 10 455 -60. 

Wade, D.P., Knight, B.F., and Soutar, A.K. (1985) Detection of the low-density lipoprotein receptor with biotin-low-density lipoprotein. A rapid new method for ligand blotting. Biochem. J. 229, 785-790. 

In this new scenario much attention is being paid to the investigation of a series of markers of inflammation as reliable indicators of coronary risk. Their value is stressed by the observation that up to one third of events occurs in subjects without traditional risk factors. The C-reactive protein (CRP) seems to provide the strongest risk prediction for CHD in women (Albert 2000 Ridker 2001), although homocysteine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipoprotein (a) [ Lp (a) ], among others, have each been independently associated with increased risk for CHD in women (for a review see Davison and Davis 2003 Rader 2000). 

Smolders RG, Vogelvang TE, Mijatovic V, van Baal WM, Neele SJ, Netelenbos JC, Kenemans P, van der Mooren MJ (2002) A 2-year, randomized, comparative, placebo-controlled study on the effects of raloxifene on lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine. Maturitas 41 105-114... 

Lymphocyte antigen CD45 Human chorionic gonadotropin Lipoprotein (a)... 

Berg (B6) found a new antigenically distinct lipoprotein in 30-40% of a sample of a Scandinavian population. He designated it lipoprotein (a) or Lp(a) and considered it a dominant qualitative trait (B7, H29). 

Next to humans, lipoprotein(a) is also found in primates such as rhesus monkeys, baboons, chimpanzees, and, surprisingly, in the hedgehog (D14, G33, M6, M7, R19). 

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