Lipopolysaccharide characterization

Another example of the special lipid classes present in M. tuberculosis is methylglucose lipopolysaccharides. Characterization and analysis of methylglucose lipopolysaccharides, with bacterial lipopolysaccharides in general, were extensively reviewed [13], in which a wide variety of MS-based apphcations that were implemented to the structural elucidation of lipopolysaccharides were covered. Special description given in the review was the tandem mass spectrometric methods and protocols for the analyses of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of lipopolysaccharides. It is advised that advanced readers should look for the details from this invaluable review article [13],... 

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins are characteristic Gram-negative outer-cell components which are produced by many cyanobacteria. Although LPS have been characterized and found to be toxic to laboratory animals after isolation from cyanobacteria, their toxicity to rodents is less potent than the endotoxins of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella Typical symptoms of animals suffering from LPS intoxication include vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and death after hours rather than minutes. 

A structural study on lipid A and the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopoly-saccharide from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides vulgatus from a patient with Crohn s disease was conducted by Hashimoto and coworkers [39]. They separated two potent virulence factors, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from a clinical isolate of B. vulgatus and characterized the structure of CPS. Next, they elucidated the strucmres of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) and lipid A in the LPS. LPS was subjected to weak acid hydrolysis to produce the lipid A fraction and polysaccharide fraction. Lipid A was isolated by PLC, and its structure was determined by MS and NMR. 

Wollenwebcr, H.-W., and Morrison, D.C. (1985) Synthesis and biochemical characterization of a pho-toactivatable, iodinatable, cleavable bacterial lipopolysaccharide derivative. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15068-15074. 

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NO also seems to play a role in the hypotension of septic shock. Septic shock is a life-threatening clinical condition occurring as a complication of bacterial infections and characterized by hypotension, shock, organ failure, and death. In severe Gramnegative bacterial infections, increased urinary excretion of nitrates, an oxidative byproduct of NO, has been described bacterial wall lipopolysaccharides activate the NOS enzyme. 

Work at the outset focused on physical and chemical characterization of the whole lipopolysaccharide antigens of each of the seven Fisher lmmunotypes. All give opalescent solutions in water and have very high apparent molecular weights. 

Y. A. Knirel and N. K. Kochetkov, The structure of the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. I. General characterization of the lipopolysaccharides and the structure of lipid A, Biochemistry (Moscow), 58 (1993) 73-84. 

S. M. Strain, S. W. Fesik, and I. M. Armitage, Characterization of lipopolysaccharide from a Heptoseless mutant of Escherichia coli by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Biol. Chem., 258 (1983) 2906-2910. 

Abeyrathne, P.D., Daniels, C., Poon, K.K., Matewish, M.J., Lam, J.S. Functional characterization of WaaL, a ligase associated with linking O-antigen polysaccharide to the core of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol 187 (2005) 3002-3012. 

Sperandeo, R, Cescutti, R., Villa, R., Di Benedetto, C., Candia, D., Deho, G., Polissi, A. Characterization of lptA and lptB, two essential genes implicated in lipopolysaccharide transport to the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 189 (2007) 244-253. 

Apicella, M.A. Isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 431 (2008) 3-13. 

Helander, I.M., Hurme, R., Haikara, A., Moran, A.P. Separation and characterization of two chemically distinct lipopolysaccharides in two Pectinatus species. J Bacteriol 174 (1992) 3348-3354. 

Hollingsworth, R.I., Lill-Elghanian, D.A. Isolation and characterization of the unusual lipopolysaccharide component, 2-amino-2-deoxy-2-JV-(27-hydroxyoctacosanoyl)-3-0-(3-hydroxy-tetradecanoyl)-gluco-hexuronic acid, and its de-O-acylation product from the free lipid A of Rhizobium trifolii ANU843. J Biol Chem 264 (1989) 14039-14042. 

Koval, S.F., Meadow, P.M. The isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC1. J Gen Microbiol 98 (1977) 387-398. 

Li, J., Cox, A.D., Hood, D., Moxon, E.R., Richards, J.C. Application of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry to the separation and characterization of isomeric lipopolysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 2017-2025. 

Oertelt, C., Lindner, B., Skurnik, M., Holst, O. Isolation and structural characterization of an R-form lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0 8. Eur J Biochem 268 (2001) 554-564. 

Temple, G.S., Ayling, P.D., Wilkinson, S.G. Isolation and characterization of a lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbios 45 (1986) 81-91. 

Brandenburg, K. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization of the lamellar and non-lamellar structures of free lipid A and Re lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella Minnesota and Escherichia coli. Biophys J 64 (1993) 1215-1231. 

Jiao, B., Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C. Characterization of the lipid A component of genuine smooth-form lipopolysaccharide. Eur J Biochem 180 (1989) 515-518. 

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