Linoleic Linolenic acid

The data ultimately used in the cluster analyses were the linoleic/linolenic acid ratios, the fresh and dry weights, and the length of the shoots. The cluster analyses have been described in detail recently (9) and will only be summarized herein. 

Vitamin B Complex + Minerals + Linoleic/Linolenic Acid Syrup... 

Linoleic/Linolenic Acid Syrup Vitamin B Complex + Vitamin C +... 

Ethyl linoleate Linolenic acid y-Linolenic acid Nervonic acid Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil drug delivery system material Poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) drug delivery system, capsule colon specific Chitosan... 

Fat or Oil C4 Ce Cs C10 C12 Ci4 Cie Butyric Caproic Caprylic Capric Laurie Myristic Palmitic Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid 18 Stearic Acid C16 Palmitoleic Acid C18 C18 C18 Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Acid Acid Acid ... 

Du, M., Ahn, D.U., and Sell, J.L. (2000) Effects of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Linoleic Linolenic Acid Ratio on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status in Laying Hens, Poult. Sci. 79, 1749-1756. 

Changes in the relative levels of PUFA of the n-6 and n-3 series in tissue lipids of animals fed diets with different n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios, are thus greater than those found in animals fed a fat free diet in comparison with the controls. This could be of practical significance, since linoleic/linolenic acid ratios are quite different in edible fats of common use. 

Several observations of this kind have already been made in plants two examples are the accumulation of proline after drought stress (4[) and changes in the linoleic linolenic acid ratio as a consequence of altered chilling sensitivity ( ) ... 

Linoleic, linolenic acids at 268, 234 m/i after alkali isomerization linoleic, conjugated diennoic acids in presence of eleostearic... 

Typical TOFA consist of 1-3% saturated acids 45-65% - linoleic/->linolenic acid and 25- 5% oleic acid. Some TOFA grades still contain rosin up to 8%. 

The unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic [60-33-3] and linolenic [463-40-17, contain two and three double bonds and are considered beneficial components of the diet. The double bond is an essential ingredient for human nutrition when it is in the correct position on the fat molecule. Humans are unable to insert the double bond at the omega-3 and -6 position. Therefore, fatty acids containing double bonds at these positions are essential in the diet, including linoleic and linolenic acids. They are accordingly described as essential fatty acids (EFA) (23). 

Lipids. Representative fatty acid compositions of the unprocessed triglyceride oils found in the four oilseeds are given in Table 4 (see Fats and FATTY oils). Cottonseed, peanut, and sundower oils are classified as oleic—linoleic acid oils because of the high (>50%) content of these fatty acids. Although the oleic and linoleic acid content of soybean oils is high, it is distinguished from the others by a content of 4—10% of linolenic acid, and hence is called a linolenic acid oil. 

The polyunsaturated aliphatic monocarboxyhc acids having industrial significance include sorbic, linoleic, linolenic, eleostearic, and various polyunsaturated fish acids (Table 3). Of these, only sorbic acid (qv) is made synthetically. The other acids, except those from tall oil, occur naturally as glycerides and are used mosdy in this form. 

Conjugation as well as geometric and positional isomerization occur when an alkadienoic acid such as linoleic acid is treated with a strong base at an elevated temperature. CycHc fatty acids result from isomerization of linolenic acid ia strong base at about 250°C (58). Conjugated fatty acids undergo the Diels-Alder reaction with many dienophiles including ethylene, propylene, acryUc acid, and maleic anhydride. 

Fig. 35 Fluorescence scan of the dansyl semicadavende denvatives of 1 behenic acid 2 erucic acid, 3 steanc acid, 4 oleic acid, 5 linoleic acid, 6 linolenic acid...

Some fatty acids are not synthesized by mammals and yet are necessary for normal growth and life. These essential fatty aeids include llnoleic and y-linolenic acids. These must be obtained by mammals in their diet (specifically from plant sources). Arachidonic acid, which is not found in plants, can only be synthesized by mammals from linoleic acid. At least one function of the essential fatty acids is to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of eicosanoids, such as... 

Organisms differ with respect to formation, processing, and utilization of polyunsaturated fatty acids. E. coli, for example, does not have any polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eukaryotes do synthesize a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids, certain organisms more than others. For example, plants manufacture double bonds between the A and the methyl end of the chain, but mammals cannot. Plants readily desaturate oleic acid at the 12-position (to give linoleic acid) or at both the 12- and 15-positions (producing linolenic acid). Mammals require polyunsaturated fatty acids, but must acquire them in their diet. As such, they are referred to as essential fatty acids. On the other hand, mammals can introduce double bonds between the double bond at the 8- or 9-posi-tion and the carboxyl group. Enzyme complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum desaturate the 5-position, provided a double bond exists at the 8-position, and form a double bond at the 6-position if one already exists at the 9-position. Thus, oleate can be unsaturated at the 6,7-position to give an 18 2 d5-A ,A fatty acid. 

More than LOO different fatty acids are known, and about 40 occur widely. Palmitic acid (C ) and stearic acid (Cjy) are the most abundant saturated fatty adds oleic and linoleic acids (both Care the most abundant unsaturated ones. Oleic acid is monounsaturated since it has only one double bond, whereas linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids because they have more than one double bond. Linoleic and linolenic... 

Linoleic acid, structure of, 1062 Linolenic acid, molecular model of. 1063... 

Linearity, improvement of calibration curves by derivatization 56 Linoleic acid 73 Linolenic acid 73 Linuron 74,108 Lipid amines 284... 

Linoleic and a-linolenic acids are the only fatty acids known to be essential for the complete nutrition of many species of animals, including humans, and are known as the nutritionally essential fatty acids. In most mammals, arachidonic acid can be formed from linoleic acid (Figure 23-4). Double bonds can be intro-... 

Fatty acids Linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, stearic... 

Reaction yields depend on the nature of the substrate. Linseed oil contains two polyunsaturated fatty acids 50% linolenic acid and 18% linoleic acid. The corresponding hydroperoxides are obtained with low yields. 

The major fatty acids present in plant-derived fatty substances are oleic acid (9-octadecenoic, C18 l), linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic, C18 2) and the conjugated isomers thereof and linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic, C18 3) (Scheme 31.1). Their rates of oxygen absorption are 100 40 1, respectively, hence partial hydrogenation with consequent lowering of the iodine number would lead to a significant increase in oxidative stabihty, particularly when C18 3 is reduced. 

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