Echium plantagineum

This example illustrates the benefits and costs of introducing plants to new localities. Over the mere two hundred years of European settlement in Australia many of the World s most important crop and pasture plants and all of the World s worst weeds (Table I) have been introduced to the continent. The latter have attained problem status and several other introductions, such as Echium plantagineum L. (Paterson s Curse) from the Mediterranean region, freed from those organisms which maintain them in balance in their native communities, have posed threats to agriculture. 

Both Echium plantagineum and E. vulgare are of European origin but have become opportunistic weeds in other parts of the world. In particular, E. plantagineum is a major agricultural toxic weed in Australia whilst E. vulgare has infested large parts of New Zealand. Both have implications for livestock health, welfare, and productivity as well as human health implications via the presence of their alkaloids in honey and other food products [26-28]. 

Fig. 13.11 Confirmation of N-oxide character. The reversed phase HPLC-ESI-MS base ion (m/z 200-500) chromatogram of an extract of Echium plantagineum petals shows the predominant presence of N-oxides (peaks 1-8).

Echimidine C oHjiNO, Echinatine C15H..NO. Echium plantagineum L. (88) Rindera echinata (89) 13.4° < ... 

Table 15.9. Average plant Cu, Mo, and S contents of Echium plantagineum in comparison with control diet...

Seaman, J. T., and Dixon, R. J. (1989). Investigations into the toxicity of Echium plantagineum in sheep. 2. Pen feeding experiments. Aust. Vet. 

Weston PA, Weston LA, Hildebrand S. Metabolic profiling in Echium plantagineum presence of bioactive pyrrolizidine alkaloids and anpthoquinones from accessions across southeastern Australia. Phytochemistry Rev 2013 12(4) 813-37. 

To demonstrate the applicability of the mathematical approach we compare our model with population data taken from the literature for different invasive plants. Data from the native and exotic ranges of Echium plantagineum, Cytisus scoparius, and Carduus nutans [172, 344, 397,398,479] were used to establish that the model predicts their invasive behavior when the fecundity of these species in their exotic ranges is considered. Finally, the invasion rates recently found experimentally [221] for Carduus acanthoides are shown to fit closely the analytical predictions of the model. 

Crossential SA-14. See Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil Crosslink PS 505. See Polyethylene Crosslink WA 405. See Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose Crosslinked cellulose gum Crosslinked CMC Crosslinked NaCMC. See Croscarmellose sodium... 

Viosorb 520. See Drometrizole Viosorb 910. See Etocrylene Viosterol. See Ergocalciferol Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil CAS 84988-87-4 EINECS/ELINCS 284-877-7 Uses Nutritional supplement anti-irritant for skin care prods. anti-inflammatory for joints, eczema, PMS, skin exposed to UV radiation stress reliever promotes cardiovascular function drug delivery Trade Name Synonyms Crossential SA-14 [Croda Inc http //www.croda.com]... 

Hydrocotyl (Centella asiatica) extract Phenyl salicylate Salicylamide Stearyl glycyrrhetinate anti-inflammatory agent, PMS Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil anti-inflammatory agent, respiratory Amylase... 

Ethyl hydrolyzed keratin Hydrolyzed collagen Hydrolyzed rice protein Sea parsley (Palmaria palmata) extract Soluble collagen Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil anti irritant, skin care Dipotassium glycyrrhizate anti-irritant, skin creams/lotions Hydrolyzed wheat protein anti-irritant, soaps Hydrolyzed wheat protein... 

Ethyl linoleate Linolenic acid y-Linolenic acid Nervonic acid Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil drug delivery system material Poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) drug delivery system, capsule colon specific Chitosan... 

L-Alanine Carotene Cholecalciferol Choline bitartrate Chondroitin sulfate Copper iodide (ous) DL-Leucine Linolenic acid Olive (Olea europaea) oil Pancreatin D-Phenylalanine DL-Phenylalanine Propionic anhydride Silicon Sodium chloride Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) extract Thiamine HCI Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil... 

Vipers bugloss (Echium plantagineum) oil 85005-39-6 Aluminum lanolate 85005-40-9 Magnesium lanolate 85005-44-3 Glyceryl lanolate Ivarlan 3360... 

Culvenor CCJ, Edgar JA, Smith LW (1981) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey from Echium plantagineum L. J Agric Food Chem 29 958-960... 

Two plants that contain PAs, echium Echium plantagineum) and borage (Borago officinalis), each provide a valuable oil that is nutritious on account of its fatty acid profile. There is some concern that PAs might be present in oils from these plants, an issue addressed by analysis using simple liquid-liquid extraction processes in which a solutimi of the oil in a non-polar solvent is shaken with dilute aqueous acid. The method had an LOD of 0.6 pg when applied to borage oil, including a PANO reduction step [12,13]. The procedure has had little application, and has not revealed a health problem. 

Colegate SM, Edgar JA, Knill AM, Lee ST (2005) Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their V-oxides a case study of Echium plantagineum. Phytochem Anal 16 108-119... 

Purification of stearidonic acid and its derivatives with transition metals capable of forming rr-complexes has been demonstrated. Fatty acids of seed oil of Echium plantagineum containing 12.2 wt% stearidonic acid were converted to ethyl esters and treated with silver nitrate solution. After various extraction procedures an ethyl ester phase containing 94.6 wt% stearidonic acid was obtained (Coupland and Newbould, 1997). 

---