Linoleic acid influence

Emken, E.A., Adlof, R.O., and Gulley, R.M. 1994. Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim. Bio-phys. Acta 1213, 277-288. 

Hayek MG, Han SN, Wu D, Watkins BA, Meydani M, Dorsey JL, et al. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the immune response of young and old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice. J Nutr 1999 129 32-38. 

Wiegand, B.R., Sparks, J.C., Parrish, F.C., Jr., and Zimmerman, D.R. (2002) Duration of Feeding Conjugated Linoleic Acid Influences Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Finishing Barrows, J. Anim. Sci. 80, 637-643. 

The data found in Fig. 1 and Table 1 show that the presence of a free carboxyl group on linoleic acid influences the magnitude of its interaction with LOX. In the presence of deoxycholate linoleic acid is oxidized most rapidly in the competition experiments (Table 1), but monolinolein is oxidized most rapidly when the substrates are assayed individually (Fig. 1). If the order of reactivity of the substrates were determined solely by the ability of deoxycholate to solubilize the substrates, then a change in the reaction order would not be expected depending on whether the substrates were assayed separately or together. That linoleic acid is always oxidized most rapidly in the competition experiments must be because of preferential binding of linoleic acid by LOX. 

Hill, R. D., Van Leeuwen, V. and Wilkinson, R. A. 1977. Some factors influencing the autoxidation of milks rich in linoleic acid. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 12, 69-77. 

Experts are not sure how melatonin influences the development of cancer. A recent study published in 1999 in Cancer Research suggests that melatonin may help to starve cancer cells. Tumors use a type of fat called linoleic acid as a food source. Melatonin prevented the tumor cells in rats from being able to metabolize linoleic, but only when it was given to rats during the late afternoon. When it was given to the rats earlier in the day it did not have any effect. 

Emken, E.A. (1995) Influence of linoleic acid on conversion of linolenic acid to omega-3 fatty acids in humans, in Proceedings from the Scientific Conference on Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Nutrition, Vascular Biology, and Medicine. American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas, USA, pp. 9-18. 

Donovan, D.C., Schingoethe, D.J., Baer, R.J., Ryali, J., Hippen, A.R., Franklin, S.T. 2000. Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids in milk fat from lactating dairy cows../ Dairy Sci. 83, 2620-2628. 

Griinari, J.M., Bauman, D.E., Chilliard, Y., Perajoki, P., Nurmela, K.V.V. 2000a. Dietary influences on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in bovine milk fat. 3rd Meeting European Section of AOCS, Helsinki, pp. 87. 

Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S.A., Wright, S., Tso, P., Czarnecki, S.K. 2000. Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits.. / Am. Coll. Nutr. 19, 472S t77S. 

Lawless, F., Stanton, C., L Escop, P., Devery, R., Dillon, P., Murphy, J.J. 1999. Influence of breed on bovine milk cis-9, trans-l 1-conjugated linoleic acid content. Livest. Prod. Sci. 62, 43-49. 

Thompson, H.J., Zhu, Z.J., Banni, S., Darcy, K., Loftus, T., Ip, C. 1997. Morphological and biochemical status of the mammary gland as influenced by conjugated linoleic acid Implication for a reduction in mammary cancer risk. Cancer Res. 57, 5067-5072. 

Opposing effects of certain individual fatty acids could have influenced the lack of a relationship between dietary fat and fat type with the risk of breast cancer. Well-conducted animal studies suggest that linoleic acid promotes development of mammary tumors, whereas saturated, monounsatu-rated, and trans fatty acids have little or no effect. In many cases, w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress tumor development. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is the most potent anti-cancer fatty acid in that amounts of 1% or less of dietary fat can substantially inhibit the development of mammary tumors (Ip, 1997). 

There are at least four known actions of pyridazines on plants involving a one or more of the following effects (a) inhibition of the Hill reaction (photolysis of water during the photosynthesis), (b) inhibition of pigment formation (chlorophylls, carotenoids), (c) change in the linolenic/linoleic acid ratio, and (d) influence on the chloroplast ribosomes. In addition, pyridazines may be used in plant protection as biocides. 

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are essential for the survival of humans and other mammals they cannot be synthesized in the body and, hence, have to be obtained in our diet and, thus, are essential (1-4). EFAs are an important constituent of cell membranes and confer on membranes properties of fluidity thus, they determine and influence the behavior of membrane-bound enzymes and receptors. Two types of naturally occurring EFAs exist in the body the oo-6 series derived from linoleic acid (LA, 18 2) and the oo-3 series derived from a-linolenic acid (ALA, 18 3). Both the 00-6 and the oo-3 series are metabolized by the same set of enzymes to their respective long-chain metabohtes. Although some functions of EFAs require their conversion to eicosanoids and other products, in most instances the fatty acids themselves are active. The longer-chain metabolites of LA and ALA regulate membrane function and are of major importance in the brain, retina, liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and gonads. 

Sunflower oil extracted from different types of hybrid may have different compositions. It is expected that the degree of unsaturation will influence the oxidative stability of sunflower oil markedly. AOM time measurements were used to determine the influence of oleic/linoleic ratio on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil (36). Oil samples extracted (refined and deodorized) from three progenies of cultivar Per-venets were analyzed, as well as other oil samples from different regions of the United States. The oleic acid content thus ranged from 18% to 89%, and the linoleic acid content decreased from 69% to 1 % the saturated fatty acid content was nearly constant. AOM values increased from 11 hours for the oil containing the least amount of oleic acid to 100 hours for that with the oleic acid highest content. These results show the importance of monounsaturated fatty acid content on the oxidative stabihty of sunflower oil. 

Free fatty acids, whose levels are generally raised by insulin or alcohol, influence the rate of VLDL synthesis and hence the concentration of triglycerides. About 16 g glycerol, which are mainly utilized in the liver, are released daily by lipolysis, and about 120 g free fatty acids are made available for generating energy in the heart and skeletal musculature (75%) as well as in the liver itself (25%o). These free fatty acids are bound in the plasma to albumin (50%) and lipoproteins (50%). Their extremely short plasma half-life of approx. 2 minutes emphasizes their high metabolic activity. Fatty acids are present in the plasma in saturated (no double bond) and unsaturated (various numbers of double bonds) forms. Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body, which means they must be obtained from food intake. The most important ones are multiple unsaturated fatty acids such as linolic acid (Cis-fatty acid, 2 double bonds), linolenic acid (Ci8-fatty acid, 3 double bonds), and arachidonic acid (C2o-fatty acid, 4 double bonds). Their prime function is to act as precursors for the synthesis of eicosan-oids. (s. fig. 3.10)... 

Ahn, D, U., Wolfe, F. H., and Sim, J. S. (1S>95). Dietary a-linoleic acid and mixed toco-pherols, and packaging influences on lipid stability in broiler chicken breast and leg muscle. /. Food Sd. 60,1013-1018. 

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