Lime, carbonation

Cement mortar will be attacked by waters that have an excess of free carbon dioxide compared with that of waters that are in a lime-carbonic acid equilibrium. There is a two-step mechanism with a carbonization process according to... 

Carbonate of lime Carbonate of magno i, , Oxide of iron aaa aluiujas, A 7Bt... 

Preparaiim of the Bom Ash,—The hones usually employed in this manufacture arc those of oxen, of sheep, or of horses, The bones of sheep are preferred, as the ash which they yield is less compact, and more easily attacked by an acid. They contain, besides sabphosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and a small per cottage of other salts, as phosphate of magnesia, chloride of sodium, fluoride of calcium, et cetera also a large proportion of animoi matter, estimated at from thirty-three to fifty per cent., according to the kind of bone, and the age of the animal. The following analysis of the bones of the ox is by Berzelius —... 

Sulphate of lime. Carbonate of lime Carbonate of magnesia. .. 0 15... 

Berries and leaves of certain plants have been used for centuries to provide the colors necessary to make wool, cotton, flax, silk, and other fabric fibers with an attractive shade differing from the natural colors of the materials. These colors were usually boiled with the formed fabric or yarn to impart color. Additional processes such as cooling the solution and/or the addition of lime, carbonate (chalk), or vinegar was found useful to set the color onto the fabric and impart some degree of fastness. 

A system formed of calcium carbonate, of lime, and of carbonic acid gas has three phases solid calcium carbonate, solid lime, carbonic acid gas. 

The systems where a solid component and a gaseous component exist in the presence of a solid compound such is the system formed by lime, carbonic acid gas, calcium carbonate, or, again, the system consisting of aii anhydrous salt, water vapor, a definite hydrate of the same salt. 

Here the variance is reduced by one so that the behaviour is simplified. One example of a system of this kind is the calcium carbonate, lime, carbon dioxide system in which the reaction... 

Introduction. If the alkali salt of an organic acid is heated with soda lime, carbon dioxide is removed and a hydrocarbon is obtained having one carbon atom less than the original acid. The general equation for the reaction is ... 

You wouldn t expect a dozen limes to have the same mass as a dozen eggs. Eggs and limes differ in size and composihon, so it s not surprising that they have different masses, as Figure 11-3 shows. Moles of substances also have different masses for the same reason— the substances have different compo-sihons. If you put a mole of carbon on a balance beside a mole of metallic copper, you would see a difference in mass just as you do for a dozen eggs and a dozen limes. Carbon atoms differ from copper atoms. Thus, the mass of 6.02 X 10 atoms of carbon does not equal the mass of 6.02 X ICF atoms of copper. How do you determine the mass of a mole ... 

In mortars containing lime, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves in water in the mortar and reacts with the lime to produce insoluble calcium carbonate crystals. The crystals form in spaces such as cracks and grow, thereby sealing the cracks. This self-healing characteristic reduces water penetration and increases durability. The rate of carbonation is dependent on the environmental conditions. Tests have shown that some mortars are not fully carbonated after several years. 

When quicklime products are applied to the land, the first reaction is slaking. This produces finely divided calcium hydroxide and enables relatively coarse kibbled lime (a screened grade) to be used effectively. Some of the hydrated lime dissolves and produces a rapid increase in soil pH, within a week or two. The remainder of the lime carbonates, reacts relatively slowly, and keeps the pH in the required range for a prolonged period. The duration of that period depends on the rate of application, the nature of the soil and the rate of lime loss. 

For example, a natural gas-fired parallel-flow regenerative kiln produces about 0.951 of C02/t of quicklime, of which 0.731 arises from the dissociation of the quicklime and 0.221 from the combustion of the gas. The use of less efficient kilns and fuels containing higher proportions of carbon would result in corresponding increases in the amount of CO2 emitted per tonne of lime. Carbon dioxide as-... 

A second and very important use for the water-filled spirometer is measurement of oxygen used per unit of time, designated the Oj uptake. This measurement is accomplished by incorporating a soda-lime, carbon-dioxide absorber into the spirometer as shown in Figure 17.4. Soda-lime is a mixture of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and silicates of sodium and calcium. The exhaled carbon dioxide combines with the soda-lime and becomes solid carbonates. A small amount of heat is liberated by this reaction. 

Fillers Hydrated lime, lime, carbon black,fly ash fillers (4), (6), [8], [9]... 

If the water to be analyzed lies in the range of the so-called lime/carbonic acid equilibrium, i.e. approximately in the range of calcium carbonate saturation, the difference in pH before and after adding calcium carbonate is smaller than 0.04. 

On the other hand, deposits of lime on the underwater parts of plants or sinter deposits on stones in the bank area of the stream bed are not symptomatic of a lack of hygiene. This type of phenomenon frequently occurs in springs which have their origin in chalky ground if the so-called lime-carbonic acid balance of relatively hard water is disturbed. Such disturbances can be caused either by the water becoming heated during its passage... 

Changes in the lime - carbon dioxide balance may cause calcium compounds to be precipitated from the water and strontium 90 to be entrained. For this reason, the water samples are to be acidified with nitric acid immediately after taking the sample. 

Derivatives of Protoporphyrin.— On heating with soda-lime, carbon dioxide is lost and oelioporphyrin III is formed. This porphyrin resembles one originally obtained from chlorophyll, and its preparation from the blood pigments is of great biochemical interest. 

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