Life cycle assessment evaluation

There are already many examples of advances ofPSE embedding sustainabihty aspects as part of the process development cycle. Continuous microreactors from Coming utilized for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals [97], continuous formulation processes, process intensification demonstrated in several processes [98], and life cycle assessment evaluations integrated into process development [99], to mention a few. However, a more widespread uptake is needed, so they are used routinely. 

The key element of life-cycle design is Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is generally envisioned as a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with the cradle-to-grave life cycle of a produc t, process, or ac tivity. A produc t s life cycle can be roughly described in terms of the following stages ... 

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs, and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The LCA methodology is comprehensively described based on the ISO 14000 series standards. References are also given to I.CA information sources. 

Several tools can be used to evaluate the environmental consequences of an industrial ventilation project. Some of the most common methods used are covered in this chapter. The life cycle assessment tool is considered in detail, as it is a comprehensive and product-oriented approach that is covered by international standardization. Other tools, such as risk assessment, cost-benefit... 

Herrchen, M. Klein, W. (2000) Use of the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Toolbox for an Environmental Evaluation of Production Processes. Pure Applied Chemistry, 72(7), 1247-1252. 

Hochschorner, E. St Finnveden, G. (2003) Evaluation of Two Simplified Life Cycle Assessment Methods. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(3), 119-128. 

Life Cycle Assessment method - Tool for Evaluation of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Agriculture... 

The second step and the focus of this chapter was to evaluate the emission load of individual foods from the list of most common foods. There was used the simplified Life Cycle Assessment method in which only the Climate change Impact category was assessed. Detailed description of the LCA methodology is shown in the literature review, the following text describes practical method implementation.Food emission load evaluation using the LCA method... 

Brentrup F. Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate the Environmental Impact of Arable Crop Production [thesis]. Hannover University of Hannover 2003... 

Garrido N, Alvarez del Castillo M (2007) Environmental evaluation of single-use and reusable cups. Int J Life Cycle Assess 12(4) 252-256... 

The CalTOX model was originally developed as a set of spreadsheet models and spreadsheet data sets for assessing human exposures from continuous releases to air, soil, and water [7]. Hertwich [65-67] applied the CalTOX model for the assessment of human toxicity in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Ecotoxicicity is not evaluated in the model. 

Data acquisition/collection/gathering employee cooperation in, 14 218 in hazard evaluation, 14 219 in life cycle assessment, 14 813 primary and secondary sources in, 15 633, 634 reliability and, 26 994 for sensors, 22 263-264 Data analysis and preparation, 6 20-21 for ammonia plant, 26 996-997... 

Product performance as well as issues related to supply chain, marketing, etc., need to be addressed. It may also be necessary to evaluate not only the product but also the process in terms of environmental impact, life cycle assessment and/or sustainability, before it can be launched. 

To define the value of biodegradable polymers, the overall system costs and the environmental impact of individual products in their respective target applications have to be considered. To this end, comprehensive life-cycle assessments (EGAs) are an appropriate tool, especially when accompanied by costs evaluations that cover all phases from cradle to grave. 

The ISO has also produced a set of quality standards specifically for environmental management. This is the ISO 14000 series. The areas addressed by ISO 14000 are Environmental Management Systems, Environmental Performance Evaluations, Environmental Auditing, Life Cycle Assessment, and Environmental Labeling. 

The use of cross-functional teamwork can enhance the benefits that can be realized during each component of the LCA process. This underscores the fact that the life-cycle assessment is a dynamic and iterative process of evaluation. In order for this dynamism to be fostered, the LCA must encompass as much of the life cycle of the product, process, or activity, as possible. This will necessarily include total cost of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution use/reuse/maintenance recycling, and final disposal (Fava and Page, 1992). 

In the previous chapters, thermodynamic analysis is used to improve processes. However, as pointed out in Chapter 9 (Energy Conversion), the exergy analysis did not make any distinction between the combustion of coal and natural gas and, as a result, could not make any statements regarding toxicity or environmental impact of exploration, production and use of the two fuels. A technique that can do this is LCA. What exactly is life cycle analysis In ISO 14040 [1], life cycle analysis (or life cycle assessment) is defined as "the compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and potential environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle."... 

Thomas, P.G. 2000. An approach to dynamic environmental life-cycle assessment by evaluating structural economic sequences. Dissertation, Tufts University. 

There is an urgent need to evaluate the applied analytical methods, with respect not only to the reagent, instrumental costs, and analytical parameters, but also to their negative influences on the environment. A good tool for such evaluation is life cycle assessment (LCA). 

The focus of this program was to evaluate the environmental impacts of the current standard material formulations and alternative formulations.95 The partnership used a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach to examine the impacts of heat stabilizers, polymer systems, and flame-retardants used in insulation and jacketing for selected wire and cable products. The project began in March 2004 and the report was issued in May 2008.96... 

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