Leukemia detection

Kreuzer KA, Le Coutre P, Landt O et al. Pre-existence and evolution of imatinib mesylate-resistant clones in ehronie myelogenous leukemia detected by a PNA-based PCR clamping technique. Ann Hematol 2003 82 284-289. 

Graft rejection is one of the most severe complications after allogenic transplants in leukemia. Detection of increasing quantities of lymphoid and myeloid host cells might be predictive of graft... 

Immunological abnormalities were reported in 23 adults in Woburn, Massachusetts, who were exposed to contaminated well water and who were family members of children with leukemia (Byers et al. 1988). These immunological abnormalities, tested for 5 years after well closure, included persistent lymphocytosis, increased numbers of T-lymphocytes, and depressed helper suppressor T-cell ratio. Auto-antibodies, particularly anti-nuclear antibodies, were detected in 11 of 23 adults tested. This study is limited by the possible bias in identifying risk factors for immunological abnormalities in a small, nonpopulation-based group identified by leukemia types. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. A study of 356 residents of Tucson, Arizona, who were exposed to trichloroethylene (6-500 ppb) and other chemicals in well water drawn from the Santa Cmz aquifer found increased frequencies of 10 systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms, 5 (arthritis, Raynaud s phenomenon, malar rash, skin lesions related to sun exposure, seizure or convulsions) of which were statistically significant (Kilbum and Warshaw 1992). 

Flow cytometric evaluation of bone marrow and peripheral blood to characterize the type of leukemia, as well as to detect specific chromosomal rearrangements. The bone marrow at diagnosis usually is hypercellular, with normal hematopoiesis being replaced by leukemic blasts. The presence of greater than 20% blasts in the bone marrow is diagnostic for AML. 

Chen J, Zhang J, Fluang L et al (2008) Flybridization biosensor using 2-nitroacridone as electrochemical indicator for detection of short DNA species of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Biosens Bioelectron 24 349-355... 

Medley et al. have shown the use of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for cancer cell detection [50]. Herr et al. [51] have shown the rapid collection and detection of leukemia cells using a novel two-nanoparticle assay with aptamers as the molecular recognition element. 

For example, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is a particularly potent carcinogen for the mammary gland of young female Sprague-Dawley rats after oral or intravenous administration (25,26), dietary benzo[a]pyrene leads to leukemia, lung adenoma and stomach tumors in mice (27), and either of these hydrocarbons can induce hepatomas in male mice when injected on the first day of life (28). Nevertheless, the mouse skin system has proved to be particularly valuable because of the rapidity of tumor induction, the ease of detection of tumors and because the multi-stage nature of the carcinogenic process was experimentally established in this system. 

P2Y receptors are activated by adenine and uridine nucleotides. Most of the known P2Y receptors have been detected in the nervous system [21]. The majority of P2Y receptors inhibit neuronal N-type Ca2+ channels and M-type K+ channels. P2Y1 receptors are found exclusively on platelets, on their precursor megakaryocyte cells and on certain other cultured hematopoietic cells, such as K562 leukemia cells. They can be distinguished from other P2 receptors in that ADP is the most potent natural agonist and ATP is a competitive antagonist. ADP acts via a G protein to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation, mobilize intracellular Ca2+ and stimulate granule secretion. ADP... 

The ability of the interphase cytogenetics technique to detect both numerical and structural aberrations in interphase nuclei of leukemia was referred to earlier in this paper. 

D3. Dhingra, K., Talpaz, M., Riggs, M. G., Eastman, P. S., Zipf, T., et al.. Hybridization protection assay A rapid, sensitive, and specific method for detection of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. Blood 77, 238-242 (1991). 

Kl. Kawasaki, E. S., Clark, S. S., Coyne, M. Y., Smith, S. D., and McCormick, F. P., Diagnosis of chronic myeloid and acute lymphocytic leukemias by detection of leukemia-specific mRNA sequences amplified in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 5698-5702 (1988). 

Crowley JA, Wang Y, Rapoport AP, Ning Y (2005) Detection of MOZ-CBP fusion in acute myeloid leukemia with 8 16 translocation. Leukemia 19 2344-2345 Dash A, Gilliland DG (2001) Molecular genetics of acute myeloid leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 14 49-64... 

Figure 3. Mutations in the RUNXl gene precede the onset of a clinical symptoms of acute leukemia. Strikingly, the translocation or point mutations are detectably before birth in cases of pediatric acute leukemia, and at a incidence 100-fold that of the leukemia incidence. The accumulation of secondary mutations are probably necessary for the overt disease - but for the most part the critical mutations are unknown. Adapted from (Greaves et al., 2003).

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