League of Nations, the

Political efforts have been unable to solve the problems of killings, war, and destruction. The League of Nations, the United Nations, treaties outlawing war, and arms control agreements have all failed. Only strength and deterrence by individual nations brought peace after World War II and produced democracy in Germany, Japan, Italy, and Austria. 

League of Nations, The Chemical Industry (Geneva League of Nations, 1927), p.56. 

Raitz von Frentz C (1999) A lesson forgotten - minority protection undCT the league of nations -the case of the German Minority in Poland 1920-1934. St. Martin s Press, New Yrak Rodley NS (1995) Conceptual problems in the protection of minorities international legal developments. Hum Rights Q 17 48-71... 

For the separate determination of the four principal components in the total alkaloids, the method in general use is based on the isolation of quinine and cinchonidine as d-tartrates, of cinchonine as the base in virtue of its sparing solubility in ether, and of quinidine as the hydriodide. Types of this method have been described by Chick, and special modifications designed for use in the analysis of totaquina are given in the British Pharmacopoeia 1932 and in a special report by the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations. Goodson and Henry have critically examined this process and shown that, with care, it gives satisfactory... 

Harmonization of pharmacopeial standards as a practical matter began at the International Congresses of Pharmacy between 1865 and 1910 [2], but the first formal attempt can be traced to 1902. Both USP President Horatio C. Wood, M.D., and Frederick M. Power, Ph.D., an American chemist of the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories of London, were appointed by the U.S. Secretary of State as delegates to represent the United States government at the International Conference for the Unification of the Formulae for Heroic Medicines, a conference of 19 countries from Europe and North America [3]. The second conference occurred in 1918. The 3rd in 1925 was attended by 31 countries from all continents except Asia and Australia. They drafted a new International Convention, which came in force in 1929. It revised the 1902 agreements on 77 heroic medicines and introduced the concept of maximum dose. It also requested that the League of Nations create a permanent secretariat of pharmacopeias [4]. Andrew G. DuMez, Ph.D., represented the USP, and was officially appointed by the U.S. Public Health Service to represent the United States at this conference [4,5]. An expert committee of the League of Nations planned a third conference for 1938, but it was never convened because of World War II [2]. 

The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is an independent and quasi-judicial control organ, established by treaty, for monitoring the implementation of the international drug control treaties. It had predecessors under the former drug control treaties as far back as the time of the League of Nations. 

The figures given are taken from the Year Book of the League of Nations for 1938-1939 and have been reduced to metric tons of refined sugar using the official conversion factors, since in some cases tons of raw sugar only were recorded. 

While some small strides were made during this time, the advance of World War I pushed aside any substantial legislative action. By the war s end, through the auspices of the newly created League of Nations, a new effort was made. In 1921, the... 

Internationally, heroin s use as a medicine wasn t regulated until 1925 when the League of Nations adopted strict rules governing international heroin trade. The same body later stipulated that heroin producers could only manufacture quantities sufficient for medical use, though these guidelines were unenforceable and largely ignored. 

It was natural that the war should be followed by a wave of anti-war feeling. The war had done what the writing of the economists had failed to do it had demonstrated that modern warfare brought loss on a colossal scale to the victors as well as the vanquished. The establishment of the League of Nations, and its early activities, showed a general determination to find an alternative to war for the settlement of international disputes. Nevertheless, the calls for worldwide disarmament continued and eventually legislation was passed in an effort to limit chemical weapons. 

The First World War saw the break-up of empires including the Ottoman Empire whose capital Constantinople became Istanbul. Out of the remnants of that empire a series of artificial states were created which arbitrarily divided up and threw together various peoples. Under League of Nations mandates, France acquired Syria and Lebanon and Britain procured Palestine, Jordan and Iraq. 

Allegations included that the Japanese used mustard gas to drive Chinese peasants from caves and tunnels, and in 1938 China made a formal complaint against the Japanese to the League of Nations. 

Even with the post-Versailles creation of the League of Nations, Britain flaunted its drag trafficking before the world... 

At the Fifth Session of the League of Nations Opium Committee, one delegate demanded that the British government... 

Porter s proposal was brought before the League of Nations Opium Committee — where it was publicly fought by the British representative. The British delegate drafted an amendment to Porter s plan which called for increased quotas to account for "legitimate opium consumption" beyond the medical usage. This referred to the massive addict population in British colonies and spheres of influence (predominantly in Asia) where no... 

Like Yardley, Crowfoot had a very strong sense of social responsibility four of her mother s brothers had been killed in the First World War, and her mother had been a strong supporter of the League of Nations. As a result of her beliefs, Crowfoot became a member of the CSAWG and, during the Second World War, chose to demonstrate her pacifist beliefs by her work on the penicillin structure which she felt had the potential of saving lives.68... 

Coward was professionally active, being a member of the Vitamin Committee of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission from 1933 to 1953 and a member of the Committee of the Biochemical Society from 1932 until 1936 and in 1937, she was elected as an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. Her advice was sought by committees of the League of Nations and the World Health Organisation. She retired in 1950, but continued to be active, as her obituarist, G. S. Cox, recalled ... 

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