Lead-acid batteries comparison

Table 10. Comparison of Properties of Different Separators Used in Lead-Acid Batteries...

More precise data well illustrate the comparison for example, one litre of a modern lead/acid battery weighs 2.4kg and can store 0.07kWh, sufficient to drive a vehicle a few hundred metres. By comparison one litre of petrol weighs 0.85 kg and stores 11 kW h of energy, sufficient to drive the vehicle approximately 10 km. 

The theoretical specific energy for this battery is 2600 Wh/kg and the cell voltage is 2.2 V at 375°C [360-364]. A comparison between the performance of this battery and that of the lead acid battery (Pb/H2S04/Pb02) is given in Figure 36 [365],... 

Table 23.9 Comparison of flywheel and lead acid batteries...

LIB has outstanding properties in comparison with conventional secondary batteries including Ni-Cd, nickel-metal hydride and lead-acid batteries. The features of UBs are as follows ... 

The balance of lead metal flows for the total lead industry is illustrated in Figure 1.3, with the horizontal width of the bars representing the annual tonnage of metal produced and used. This illustrates the relatively high level of production by secondary lead recycling in comparison with new lead from mine production. New lead essentially reports to a growing inventory of lead-acid batteries and other metal uses, and to losses from the system as dispersive uses. The inventory effect reflects both the growing demand for batteries and the life of the battery before it is scrapped and recycled. 

Secondary lead is primarily sourced from scrap lead-acid batteries but also processed scrap metallics such as sheet and pipe. Secondary operations are characterised by relatively small plants in comparison with primary smelters, and are sized to handle scrap availability within a local area. This is determined by the economics of scrap battery collection and transport to the secondary operation, and it follows that the largest secondary plants are located in the high vehicle density areas of the USA. 

Table 7.5 Comparison of a typical NaS battery and a conventional lead-acid battery (Kamibayashi, 2001).

Table 9.7 A comparison of performance and cost gotils for a practical EV battery with those of deep-cycling industrial lead-acid battery...

Figure 4.11 shows a three-cell monobloc valve-regulated lead-acid battery and a comparison of other lead-acid battery types with an outlook on possible future design. 

The mass related (gravimetric) energy content, the specific energy (SE) of lithium batteries, is 100 to 500 Wh per kg depending on system and cell type. Preferably portable devices profit from a lithium power supply. For comparison classic lead-acid batteries show a specific energy between 35 and 55 Wh/kg and NiCd batteries, a bit more powerful, from 50 to 70 Wh/kg. The said higher (lithium) values have, however, been only realized by primary systems until now. 

Axion has revealed test data showing that PbC batteries have withstood 1600 cycles before failure. The test protocol calls for a complete charge-discharge cycle every 7 h to a 90% DOD. In comparison, most lead-acid batteries designed for deep-discharge applications can only survive 300 to 500 cycles under these operating conditions. 

FIGURE 38.25 Comparison of Zn/air lead-acid hybrid battery with individual lead-acid and Zn/air batteries. Lead-acid battery uses special high-rate design. 

Figure n.n Grid comparison conventionai vs pocket construction. (Courtesy VARTA Batterie AG.) Reprinted from W. Bdhnstedt, Automotive lead/acid battery separators a giobai overview, / Power Sources, 1996, 59. 45-50, with kind permission from Eisevier Science S.A., Lausanne [3]. 

The lead-acid batteries referred to in Table 50.22 are some from the Dryfit range supplied by Accumu-latorenfabrik Sonnenschein, West Germany, although no doubt in many respects the comparisons will hold good for sealed lead-acid batteries produced by other suppliers. 

In defining the cycle life of different batteries, one should be careful to state how the test was performed. Charging back and forth from 10% to 90% may be a reasonable choice, but for a particular case that test may not be relevant For example, a lead-acid battery in a car may be charged most of the time, with occasional heavy use (when the car is started), so that its cycles could be from 95%to 75%. In comparison, a Ni-Cd cell in a camera may be used typically until it is almost totally discharged, representing cycles of 5% to 95%. 

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are of great importance at the present time due to their superiority in terms of volumetric and gravimetric energy density and cycle life, in comparison with their traditional counterparts including value regulated lead acid (VRLA), nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), and nickel metal hybrid... 

Figure 23. Comparison Between Collection Volumes of Portable Rechargeable Batteries (Consolidated data from recyclers forNi-Cd estimates from sorting results for lead-acid, Ni-MH and Li-Ion)...

Figure 9.6 Comparison of a flooded system and a valve regulated lead acid system in a lead/sulfuric acid battery with fixed electrolyte.

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