Layered architectures interfaces

In general, a two-layer device structure is more efficient than single-layer architectures. There are two key reasons for this. First, each layer can be separately optimized for the injection and transport of one carrier type. Second, exciton formation and radiative decay take place close to the HTL-ETL interface away from the quenching sites at the organic-metal contacts. 

The GUI is a separate layer. In contrast to an older client-server (two-layer) architecture, the user interface should deal only with presenting business objects to users and translating user typing, mouse clicks, and so on to business object commands. Business rules should be embodied within the business objects. 

In a number of studies, others and we have demonstrated that the performance of PSCs depends critically on the nanoscale organization and fimctionaUty of the photoactive layer, the interfaces with and type of the charge collecting electrodes, and the overall device architecture. For the last one, device performance can be improved, for example, by applying hole blocking layers [73], optical spacers to enhance light absorption in the layer of the same thickness [74, 75], and by using the tandem cell architecture [76-78], where two printable photovoltaic cells are added in series. In a tandem cell, it is possible to combine two, or more, thinner... 

Figure 5.1. Schematic of the Langmuir-Blogett deposition process. The amphiphile is dissolved in an organic solvent and subsequently spread at the air-water interface. The solvent evaporates and a monolayer of the amphiphile at the air-water interface remains (a). The monolayer at the air-water interface can be further manipulated by means of a movable barrier allowing control of the area per molecule (b). The Langmuir monolayer can be transferred by an up-stroke on to a hydrophilic surface (c) and via a down-stroke on to a hydrophobic surface. A dual compartment trough enables the simultaneous processing of two different materials (d), while a programmed dipping sequence allows the determination of layer architecture at a molecular level...

In addition to the angular position and peak intensity (at the metal surface) of surface plasmon modes their extension into the dielectric medium is another important aspect for SPFS. Again, based on the Fresnel algorithm we have calculated the optical intensity normal to the layered architecture prism / Au layer / aqueous buffer and display the result obtained at resonance in Figure 4 (full curve). One can see that the intensity I, indeed, peaks at the metal /dielectric interface and decays exponentially into both media. 

The FDA has developed a Matlab Simulink/Stateflow model of the Generic PCA (GPCA) pump that captures the core functionalities of PCA pumps in general. The GPCA model has a layered architecture (see Figure 1(a)). The top layer is the user interface, which presents the state of the infusion pump and allows users to program infusion parameters. The software controller is the middle layer in the architecture, and includes two components a state controller and alarm detection component. The state controller drives the drug administration process and... 

We present here a simple experiment, conceived to test both the reptation model and the minor chain model, by Welp et al. [50] and Agrawal et al. [51-53]. Consider the HDH/DHD interface formed with two layers of polystyrene with chain architectures shown in Fig. 5. In one of the layers, the central 50% of the chain is deuterated. This constitutes a triblock copolymer of labeled and normal polystyrene, which is, denoted HDH. In the second layer, the labeling has been reversed so that the two end fractions of the chain are deuterated, denoted by DHD. At temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the polystyrene ( 100°C), the polymer chains begin to interdiffuse across the... 

The importance of surface characterization in molecular architecture chemistry and engineering is obvious. Solid surfaces are becoming essential building blocks for constructing molecular architectures, as demonstrated in self-assembled monolayer formation [6] and alternate layer-by-layer adsorption [7]. Surface-induced structuring of liqnids is also well-known [8,9], which has implications for micro- and nano-technologies (i.e., liqnid crystal displays and micromachines). The virtue of the force measurement has been demonstrated, for example, in our report on novel molecular architectures (alcohol clusters) at solid-liquid interfaces [10]. 

Surface forces measurement is a unique tool for surface characterization. It can directly monitor the distance (D) dependence of surface properties, which is difficult to obtain by other techniques. One of the simplest examples is the case of the electric double-layer force. The repulsion observed between charged surfaces describes the counterion distribution in the vicinity of surfaces and is known as the electric double-layer force (repulsion). In a similar manner, we should be able to study various, more complex surface phenomena and obtain new insight into them. Indeed, based on observation by surface forces measurement and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we have found the formation of a novel molecular architecture, an alcohol macrocluster, at the solid-liquid interface. 

This adds a new layer of complexity to a compound management system. Such systems must be integrated or interfaced with many other systems beyond the compound management area. Full descriptions of the design and architecture of such systems are beyond the scope of this chapter, but it is useful to review the major functionalities of information systems required for effective compound management operations. 

In the top-gate architecture, the semiconductor is deposited before the gate dielectric and the gate electrode. This has several advantages. First, since the semiconductor is deposited on a known surface (the substrate itself, in typical examples), it is possible to exploit the fact that this substrate is typically extremely smooth and of known chemistry to ensure that the quality of the printed semiconductor is maximized. Most current in a transistor flows very close to the semiconductor-dielectric interface. In a top-gated transistor, therefore, this current flows near the top interface of the semiconductor this may then be optimized to maximize the quality of the same. Additionally, since this layer is covered by the dielectric and gate, it may be protected from damage from subsequent process steps, etc. 

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