Laminating thinner

Additional improvements have been incorporated since 1966 with the availabihty of thinner float glass. Glass thickness and interlayer thickness have been studied to optimize the product for occupant retention, occupant injury, and damage to the windshield from external sources (30,31). The thinner float glass windshields are more resistant to stone impacts than the early plate glass windshields. The majority of laminated windshields are made of two pieces of 2—2.5 mm aimealed glass and 0.76 mm of controlled adhesion interlayer. 

Many grades of interlayer are produced to meet specific length, width, adhesion, stiffness, surface roughness, color (93,94), and other requirements of the laminator and end use. Sheet can be suppHed with vinyl alcohol content from 15 to about 23 wt %, depending on the suppHer and appHcation. A common interlayer thickness for automobile windshields is 0.76 mm, but interlayer used for architectural or aircraft glaring appHcations, for example, may be much thinner or thicker. There are also special grades to bond rear-view mirrors to windshields (95,96) and to adhere the components of solar cells (97,98). Multilayer coextmded sheet, each component of which provides a separate property not possible in monolithic sheet, can also be made (99—101). 

To reduce the no-load iron losses caused by such harmonics the machine core may be formed of thinner low-loss laminates (see also Section 1.6,2(A-iv)). When the machine has already been manufactured and there is a need to suppress these harmonics, filter circuits may be employed along the lines discussed in Section 23.9. 

If the side lengths are zero, i.e., for a very thick laminate, then a saddle shape exists at point S (saddle) w/ith = a and Ky =-b, wfhere a = b. As the side lengths increase, i.e., as the laminate becomes thinner, the saddle shape still exists, but tl curvature decreases in amplitude, i.e., the saddle gets more sh lowf. 

The boron/carbon fibre hybrids, Hy-Bor, are sometimes used in sports goods for their ability to provide thinner laminates and save weight for the same stiffness. 

The thickness of such laminates ranges typically from 0.4 to 0.9 mm and they are available in Standard, Flame-Retardant, and Postforming qualities. The last is the most usual—the thinner postforming laminates being suitable for bends of very tight radius. 

A confocal microscope has an additional aperture, sometimes called a confocal hole, that has the effect of decreasing the depth of focus (22). For some applications, sampling depth and depth resolution are important to the analytical problems involved. For example, a laminated polymer material may consist of two or more thin films, and the analyst may need to obtain spectra of each layer. If the layers are thinner than the depth of focus, then the spectrum will represent an average of the layers. In order to restrict the measurement to a particular polymer layer, the depth resolution must be improved. 

Architecture. By curving the timber during manufacture, a variety of architectural effects can be obtained from glulam that are impossible or difficult with other materials. The degree of curvature is determined by the thickness of the laminations. Beams with curvature are generally made with 19 mm (nominal 1 in.) timber, while 13 mm (1/2-in.) or thinner material may be required for very sharp curves. 

In fire tests it was recognized that the ability of fire endurance of a wooden door depended on the thickness of materials. In order to improve fire endurance of a panel-stile constructed door, it was proper to improve thinner portion of door, named panels. So laminated boards with improved fire retardance at the surface were used for a wooden fire door and it has been authorized by the Ministry of Construction. 

The fabrication or conversion processes for plastics vary according to what is being produced, i.e. films, sheets, laminates, components or containers. Films or sheets are produced by similar processes. Laminates may be produced by adhering films to other materials or by coextrusion. The use of the latter, a process more ideal when high quantities are required of certain constructions, is increasing. Coextrusion can therefore combine the properties of several materials in thinner gauges, and frequently more economically than other alternative processes. However, normal lamination techniques have to be used if plies of paper or foil are involved (see Chapter 9). 

Ionomer (Surlyn) is a methacrylic acid and ethylene modified molecule with a metal ion (sodium, zinc, magnesium). Easy sealing, soft, strong, grease-resistant clear film, and seals well in contact with contaminants. Puncture-resistant, with a high hot tack. Approximately double the price of LDPE, but can be used in thinner gauges. Can be used in the inner ply of laminates, at approx, gauge of LDPE and as a skin pack over sharp or pointed objects. 

In hydrodynamic focusing, a central sample solution (supplied from the middle inlet) flows within the sheath of outer fluids (supplied from the side inlets), which constrain laterally the inner sample flow to achieve a smaller stream and thinner lamination width. The extent of the width decrease of the focused stream depends on the volumetric flow rate ratio between the sample flow and sheath flows. The greater the flow rate difference, the greater the degree of width reduction. As indicated by (5), mixing time is inversely proportional to the square of the diffusion path length (in this case represented by the focused stream width), therefore. 

It is important to avoid the use of materials that are intrinsically prone to the occurrence of pinholes. Thinner materials are more prone to pinholes than thicker materials. Single-ply films are of greater risk than laminated or coated films because coatings fill in pinholes and because the probability of pinholes coinciding between two laminants is remote. Lamination may also add to the strength of a material so that pinholes do not occur during movement or as a consequence of pressure differentials in sterilization or transportation. 

The industry trend toward thinner parts (membranes, laminated films) creates a need for a higher colorant loading to maintain color intensity and opacity (Table 13.2). This has driven demand for... 

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