Scattering effects

The current frontiers for the subject of non-equilibrium thennodynamics are rich and active. Two areas dommate interest non-linear effects and molecular bioenergetics. The linearization step used in the near equilibrium regime is inappropriate far from equilibrium. Progress with a microscopic kinetic theory [38] for non-linear fluctuation phenomena has been made. Carefiil experiments [39] confinn this theory. Non-equilibrium long range correlations play an important role in some of the light scattering effects in fluids in far from equilibrium states [38, 39]. 

The techniques can be broadly classified into two groups those which directly identify the atomic species present and then provide structural information about the identified species from diffraction or scattering effects (EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XPD) and those which are purely diffraction-based and do not direcdy identify the atoms involved, but give long-range order information on atomic positions from... 

To reduce scattering effects and to allow a comparison between the different reconstituted milks, the data were normalized by reducing the area under each spectrum to a... 

Angular information is notably absent from the list of structural parameters normally obtained from XAS. One approach to obtaining angular detail is to make use of multiple scattering effects (17). Unfortunately, this technique is only useful for outer shells (non-nearest neighbor atoms) where there are atoms intervening between the absorber and the scatterer. This technique suffers from complications if the shells of interest overlap in distance with other shells of atoms. 

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