Laminaria species

Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serra-tus. Laminaria species, and Macrocystis pyrifera). As kelp contains iodine, it occasionally produces hyperthyroidism (1), hypothyroidism, or extrathyroidal reactions, such as skin eruptions. It can also contain contaminants such as arsenic, and bone marrow depression and autoimmune thrombocjdopenia have been described in consequence (2). 

Katayama T (1958) Volatile constituents of seaweed. XIII. Volatile constituents of Laminaria species. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 24 346-354... 

Elemental iodine was discovered in 1811 by the French chemist Courtois in the ashes of wrack, " and its industrial preparation from Laminaria species was continued until the end of World War II in France, England, and... 

Cetrulo and Hay 2000 Pavia and Brock 2000 Pleurophycus gardneri Laminaria complanata La. Groenlandica Hedophyllum sessile 42 species As. Nodosum Fucales Simulated herbivory Herbivory Resistance Phlorotannins... 

D-Mannuronic acid (36) constitutes the major component of alginic acid, the main polysaccharide of the brown algae, in which L-guluronic acid (37) is also found. The ratio of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid can vary with the algal species, the type of tissue, and the age of the plant. In the case of Laminaria hyperborea, L-guluronic acid is the major component.130... 

Vanadium bromoperoxidase (V-BrPO) has been isolated from many species of marine brown algae, including A. nodosum [1,26,27], Laminaria saccharina [28], Fucus distichus [29], and Macrocystis pyrifera [29] the red algae Ceramium rubrum [30] and C. pilulifera [31] and a terrestrial lichen, Xanthoria parie-tina [32],... 

M. Van Hulle, C. Zhang, B. Schotte, L. Mees, F. Vanhaecke, R. Vanholder, X. R. Zhang, R. Comelis, Identification of some arsenic species in human urine and blood after ingestion of Chinese seaweed Laminaria, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 19 (2004), 58-64. 

Kelp occurs as a dark green to olive brown, dry substance. It is the dehydrated seaweed obtained from the class Phaeo-phyceae (brown algae) of the genera Macrocystis (including M. pyrifera and related species) and Laminaria (including L. digitata, L. cloustoni, and L. saccharina). The seaweed may be chopped to provide coarse particles and/or it may be ground to provide a fine powder. 

Young, E. B., Dring, M. J., and Berges, J. A. (2007b). Distinct patterns of nitrate reductase activity in brown algae Light and ammonium sensitivity in Laminaria digitata is absent in Fucus species. J. Phycol. 43, 1200-1208. 

Alginic acid is a polyuronic acid composed of residues of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid and is obtained chiefly from algae belonging to the Phaeo-phyceae, mainly species of Laminaria. 

D-Mannitol is also widely distributed in plants and was the first crystalline sugar alcohol to be obtained from a natural source, the manna ash [126]. It is also found in large amounts (70-90% w/w) in the exudates of the olive and the plane trees [127]. D-Mannitol is found in relatively large amounts in seaweeds of Laminaria and Mycrocystis species [128]. Species of the mold Aspergillus, produce D-mannitol by fermentation, using D-glucose or acetate as carbon sources [129]. 

Calcium alginate can be obtained from seaweed, mainly species of Laminaria. 

Four organoarsenic species 56-59 have been isolated from Laminaria sp. [132], Compound 64 and two diastereoisomers 65 and 66 were found as major compounds [133]. Arsenic-containing ribofuranosides 56-59 as well as inorganic compounds have been isolated from freshly collected samples of the Australian brown kelp Ecklonia radiana [134]. 

Finally, the impact of UV-B radiation on marine macrophytes has been mostly conducted on individual species and not on the whole community. The criteria to select species for experimentation/analyses have varied (a) they are key species due to their contribution to primary production, or because they create a habitat for other marine plants and invertebrates, as the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea [42,122], Laminaria beds in the North Sea [123], or Macrocystis on the Pacific coast of California [4], (b) they represent a high share of macroalgal biomass in the ecosystem, as Ulva in eutrophic coastal waters [124] and, (c) they are commercially important as Porphyra sp., Gelidium sequipedale, Macrocystis pyrifera or Chondrus crispus [30,38,125,126]. 

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