Molds Aspergillus

Citric acid, which prior to 1922 was made entirely from citrus fruits and mainly in Italy, is now produced almost exclusively by the fermentation of sucrose by means of a mold, Aspergillus niger. At first pure sucrose was used for this process but more recently molasses has been used instead. Practically the whole of the world production of citric acid is used as such in medicinal preparations, in making soft drinks and in certain foods. The textile industries use small amounts, and it is also... 

Commercial Synthesis of Citric Acid Citric acid is used as a flavoring agent in soft drinks, fruit juices, and many other foods. Worldwide, the market for citric acid is valued at hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Commercial production uses the mold Aspergillus niger, which metabolizes sucrose under carefully controlled conditions. 

Acylase (acylase I aminoacylase N-acetyl amino acid amidohydrolase E.C. 3.5.1.14), is one of the best-known enzymes as far as substrate specificity (Chenault, 1989) or use in immobilized (Takahashi, 1989) or membrane reactors (Wandrey, 1977, 1979 Leuchtenberger, 1984 Bommarius, 1992a) is concerned however, its exact mechanism or 3D structure is still not known (Gentzen, 1979 1980). Acylase is available in large, process-scale quantities from two sources, porcine kidney and the mold Aspergillus oryzae. 

With C. falcata, there was a high product selectivity for 67 and 69 with this organism, substrate selectivity was low (case iii) [80]. On the other hand, another mold, Aspergillus niger, had little selectivity for either substrate utilization or product formation [81]. All four possible products were obtained (case iv). 

Bemton HS Asthma due to a mold - Aspergillus fumigatus. JAMA 1930 95 189-191. 

An enzyme preparation known as Takadiastase and made from the mold Aspergillus oryzae. 

D-Mannitol is also widely distributed in plants and was the first crystalline sugar alcohol to be obtained from a natural source, the manna ash [126]. It is also found in large amounts (70-90% w/w) in the exudates of the olive and the plane trees [127]. D-Mannitol is found in relatively large amounts in seaweeds of Laminaria and Mycrocystis species [128]. Species of the mold Aspergillus, produce D-mannitol by fermentation, using D-glucose or acetate as carbon sources [129]. 

Perhaps the method can be shown better by a description of the isolation of a new antibiotic in our laboratory 4). Antibiotic activity had been demonstrated in ether extracts from the mold Aspergillus ustus. 

Osmophilic yeasts Saccharomyces rouxii) few molds Aspergillus echinulatus, Monascus bisporus) Dried fmits containing 15-20% moisture some toffees and caramels honey. 

Tremor-inducing mycotoxins were isolated from the mold Aspergillus clavatus, which infests rice. The mycotoxins were tetrapeptides of anthranilic acid (source of the quinazolin-4-ones), trypotophan, valine, and methyl-alanine or alanine. They were named tryptoquivaline (116 = OH,... 

Black mold (Aspergillus niger). (After Duclaux.)... 

FIGURE 8.12 Relative growth rate (arbitrary scale) of some microorganisms as a function of water activity (aw). (a) A xerophilic mold, Xeromyces bisporus. (b) A common mold, Aspergillus flavus. (c) A yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (d) A bacterium, Salmonella sp. 

The glucamylase from Rhizopus delemar has been purified free from a-amylase and, later, crystallized. Activity was optimal at pH 4.5 and was diminished by calcium ions (compare, a-amylases). With amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and soluble starch, the conversion into D-glucose exceeded 90% " and, since residual dextrins were not formed, amyloly-sis was not impeded by the (1 6)-interchain linkages. Enzymes showing similar activity are also produced by black-koji mold (Aspergillus awamori (Kawachi))" and the bacterium Clostridium acetohutylicum ... 

Male Aphomia sociella L, the bumble bee waxmoth, contains a sex pheromone in its wing gland, the major part of which is an R(-)mellein (= ochracin). The compound, which evokes searching behavior in females, is produced by a mold, Aspergillus ochraceus, found in the intestine of the last-instar larvae and in the bumble bee nest [180]. Apparently such insect-fungus relationships are widespread. 

Tremor-inducing mycotoxins were isolated from the mold Aspergillus clavatus, which infests rice. The mycotoxins were tetrapeptides of anthranilic acid (source of the quinazolin-4-ones), trypotophan, valine, and methyl-alanine or alanine. They were named tryptoquivaline (116 R1 = OH, R2 = R3 = Me X = H, OAc) and nortryptoquivalone (116 R =OH R2 = Me R3 = H X = O). The structures of the metabolites were deduced from spectral data, from the X-ray crystallographic analysis of the p-bromo-phenylurethan derivative of a transformation product of tryptoquivaline, and from chemical studies.259... 

Over 100 years ago, Raulin (1869) demonstrated that zinc was necessary for the growth of a black bread mold, Aspergillus niger. Subsequently, the essentiality of zinc was established for highly developed plant life (Sommer and Lipman 1926), and animals (Todd et al. 1934). 

Wyss, M., Pasamontes, L., Remy, R., Kohler, J., Kusznir, E., Cadient, M., Muller, F. and van Loon, A.P.C.M. (1998) Comparison of the thermostability properties of three acid phosphatases from molds Aspergillus fumigatus phytase, A. n/ger phytase, and A. niger pH 2.5 acid phosphatase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, 4446 451. 

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