Australian brown

In this study, we have tried to find a more comprehensive parameter related to coal reactivity, as represented hy conversion, hy liquefying several ranks of coals. These cover a wide range from lignite to bituminous coal. Also we have studied the difference of coal reactivity caused hy the mining sites in Australian brown coal mines. Selected coals from a wide range of rank are located in the coal hand shown in Fig.2. The resulting parameters are compared with other parameters reported hy other researchers (2, 3.) ... 

In the case of Australian brown coal, the parameter related to the color tone of coal proposed by the Australian researchers. 

Roussis V, King RL, Fenical W (1993) Secondary metabolite chemistry of the Australian brown alga Encyothalia cliftonir. evidence for herbivore chemical defence. Phytochemistry 34 107-111... 

Two-Stage Hydrotreatment of Asphaltene in Australian Brown Coal Liquid Effects of Two-Stage Concept on Catalyst Deactivation (Changes of Catalyst Activations and Weight in the Repeated Runs")... 

Chemical separation of the catalyst from the bottom products. Some coals, such as Australian brown coal, consist principally of reactive macerals and contain organically bound calcium and sodium, which almost exclusively produce carbonate and chloride minerals during liquefaction. The catalyst can be separated by extracting these minerals, which exist on the catalyst surface or as precipitates in the bottoms product. 

The aromaticity for several samples of Northern Great Plains lignites, as measured on run-of-mine material, lies in the range of 0.61 to 0.66. A sample of Australian brown coal had an aromaticity of 0.56 a sample of Minnesota peat had an aromaticity of 0.50. Samples of vitrinite concentrates from the Northern Great Plains lignites were more aromatic, with measured values from 0.72 to 0.74. 

Hatcher P. G., Wilson M. A., Vassallo A. M., and Lerch H. E. (1989b) Studies of angiospermous wood in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis new insights into the early coalification process. Int. J. Coal Geol. 13, 99-126. 

Four organoarsenic species 56-59 have been isolated from Laminaria sp. [132], Compound 64 and two diastereoisomers 65 and 66 were found as major compounds [133]. Arsenic-containing ribofuranosides 56-59 as well as inorganic compounds have been isolated from freshly collected samples of the Australian brown kelp Ecklonia radiana [134]. 

Hatcher P.G., Lerch H.E. Ill, Bates A. L.,VerheyenT.V. (1989a) Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of coalified gymnosperm xylem tissue from Australian brown coals. Org. Geochem. 14, 145—55. 

Partially hydrogasified coal, upon further reaction in the high temperature second stage, gave rate constants quite similar to those obtained with Disco char (14) and residual Australian brown coal (I), both containing little volatile matter. 

Blackwood and McCarthy showed that the fixed-bed differential reaction rate of hydrogen and carbon—coconut and wood chars as well as a char of Australian brown coal—tends to zero at the graphite equilibrium. This observation may not be relevant to the over-all kinetic situation when carbon is gasified by steam in a fluidized bed, in which... 

Capon, R.J. et al. (1998) Marine nematocides tetrahydrofurans from a southern Australian brown algae, Notheia anomala. Tetrahedron. 54, 2227-2242... 

Steinberg, P.D. 1994. Lack of short-term induction of phlorotannins in the Australian brown algae Ecklonia radiata and Sargassum vestitum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 112 129-133. 

Laird, D.W, Poole, R., Wikstrom, M., and van Altena, LA. (2007) Pycnanthuquinone C, an unusual 6,6,5-tricyclic geranyltoluquinone from the Western Australian brown alga Cystophora hatveyi. J. Nat. Prod., 70, 671-674. 

Muller, D.G., Clayton, M.N., Gassmann. G., Boland. W., Marner, F.J., Schotten, T., and Jaenicke, L. (1985a) Cystophorene and hormosirene, sperm attraction in Australian brown algae. 

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