Lactose effect infants

Blass, E. M. Shide, D. J. 1994. Some comparisons among the calming and pain-relieving effects of sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose in infant rats. Chem. Senses 19, 239-249. 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

The value of any low-lactose diet can be judged only by the effect on the patients. On this basis all the above diets have achieved good results in some cases, none has been completely satisfactory. The results in young and severely ill infants are different from those in older and more moderately affected children, and the two groups are dealt with separately. 

Kobayashi, A., Kawai, S., Ohbe, Y. and Nagashima, Y. 1975. Effects of dietary lactose and a lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in normal infants. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 28, 681-683. 

Another lactose heat-derived compound is lactulose (4-0-6-D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose) which was first reported by Montgomery and Hudson (37). This compound can be found in heated milk products, heat processed lactose-containing foods, and alkaline lactose solutions via the isomerization of lactose. It is of interest due to claimed beneficial effects on the gut flora of infants. It has also been proposed as an indicator of the severity of heat treatment in processed dairy products (5). Apparently, it can be present in two forms in heated milks, namely in free solution and covalently bound to protein amino groups. 

Important disaccharides include lactose and sucrose. Lactose is a disaccharide of p-D-galactose bonded p(l 4) with D-glucose. In galactosemia, defective metabolism of galactose leads to accumulation of a toxic by-product. The ill effects of galactosemia are avoided by exclusion of milk and milk products from the diet of affected infants. Sucrose is a dimer composed of a-D-glucose bonded (al —> p2) with p-D-fructose. 

Probiotics are described as "live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host" (FAO/WHO, 2002). Bifidobacteria are largely used as probiotics in many food products such as yoghurt, milk, infant formula, cheese, and dietary supplements. The probiotic concept was recognized for the first time by Metchnikoff in 1908 when he observed that the introduction of some fermented foods in the diet had beneficial properties on human health. Since Metchnikoff s original observations, various researches confirmed the ability of probiotic strains to exert positive effects on the host s health status, such as immunostimulation, modulation of the intestinal microbiota, cholesterol reduction, alleviation of acute gastro-enteritis, short-chain fatty add (SCFAs) production, alleviation of constipation and the reduction of allergic disease symptoms, lactose intolerance and intestinal inflammation. ... 

Lactose improves calcium absorption in young infants, in whom absorption of calcium is predominantly by passive transport. In adults, the presence of lactose in the diet has little effect on the efficiency of calcium absorption. 

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