Lactose effect

Lactose Effective after being hydrolyzed Hydrolysis to glucose and galactose High Intolertmce by humans lacking lactase enzyme Itixative effect... 

Fraunhofer rules do not include the influence of refraction, reflection, polarization and other optical effects. Early Iziser particle analyzers used Fraunhofer approximations because the computers of that time could not handle the storage cuid memory requirements of the Mie method. For example, it has been found that the Fraunhofer-based instrumentation cannot be used to measure the particle size of a suspension of lactose (R.I. = 1.533) in iso-octane (R.I. = 1.391) because the relative refractive index is 1.10, i.e.- 1.533/1.391. This is due to the fact that diffraction of light passing through the particles is nearly the same as that passing around the particles, creating a combined interference pattern which is not indicative of the true... 

The growth of lactose crystals in ice cream results in a serious texture defect known as sandiness. It is usually caused by temperature fluctuations, high serum solids in the mix, and high cabinet storage temperatures. The ratio of serum solids and moisture must be controlled. Hydrocolloids have some effect on controlling sandiness, but not as much as proper handling techniques and formulation. 

Hydrogenation of lactose to lactitol on sponge itickel and mtheitium catalysts was studied experimentally in a laboratory-scale slurry reactor to reveal the true reaction paths. Parameter estimation was carried out with rival and the final results suggest that sorbitol and galactitol are primarily formed from lactitol. The conversion of the reactant (lactose), as well as the yields of the main (lactitol) and by-products were described very well by the kinetic model developed. The model includes the effects of concentrations, hydrogen pressure and temperature on reaction rates and product distribution. The model can be used for optinuzation of the process conditions to obtain highest possible yields of lactitol and suppressing the amounts of by-products. 

Fig. 1 The effect of moisture content on the compactibility of anhydrous beta lactose tablets. (From Ref. 8.)...

Few tablets intended for oral administration are totally soluble in aqueous media, but if such a product is needed, then soluble excipients are employed. These include dextrose, lactose, mannitol, and sodium chloride, with the last of these sometimes acting as its own lubricant. Urea may also be used, but due to its known pharmacological effects, it is less desirable than the other soluble compounds cited. 

In a later study [133] the effect of disintegrants on hydrochlorothiazide dissolution from both soluble (anhydrous lactose) and insoluble" (dicalcium phosphate) fillers was compared for different lubricant levels and tamping forces (instrumented Zanasi LZ-64 machine). Statistical analysis of this multivariable study revealed all main factors and their interactions to... 

Fig. 23 Averaged effect of disintegrant, lubricant, and compression force on hydrochlorothiazide dissolution from anhydrous lactose-based capsules. (From Ref. 133.)...

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