Kutzing

Measures to minimize safety problems must be initiated at the start of the life cycle of any product, but too often determinations of criticality are left to production or quality control personnel who may have an incomplete knowledge of which items are safety critical (Hammer, 1980). Any potential non-conformity that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause a product or service not to satisfy intended normal or reasonably foreseeable usage requirements is termed a defect (Kutz, 1986). The optimum defect level will vary according to the application, where the more severe the consequences of failure the higher the quality of conformance needs to be. 

Assemblability is a measure of how easy or diifieult it is to assemble a produet. Toleranees affeet the assemblability of a produet, whieh in turn affeets the eost of the produet beeause of the serap eost, and wasted time and energy. It is important to prediet the probability of sueeessful assembly of the parts so that the toleranee speeifieations ean be re-evaluated and modified if neeessary to inerease the probability of sueeess and lower the produetion eost assoeiated with assembly (Lee et al., 1997). While elose toleranees reduee assembly eosts, they inerease the eost of manufaeturing the individual parts. A balanee of the two types of eosts must be aehieved, with the objeetive of minimizing their sum (Kutz, 1986). 

Values typieally range from 0.077 to 0.33 for the statie eoeffieient of frietion for steel on steel under an interferenee fit with no lubrieation (Kutz, 1986). The interferenee and eoeffieient of frietion are eorrelated in praetiee but for the example here, we assume statistieal independenee. Also, assuming that 6 standard deviations eover the range given, we ean derive that ... 

Kutz, M., Mechanical Engineers Handbook, Twelfth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1986. 

Carey AE, Kutz FW. 1985. Trends in ambient concentrations of agrochemicals in humans and the environment of the United States. Environ Assess 5 155-163. 

Kutz FW, Yobs AR, Yang HS, C. 1976. National pesticide monitoring programs. In Lee RE, ed. Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes. EL CRC Press, 95-136. 

Allhough only a few samples may be token on a daily or weekly basis from each sampling site, the total number of samples may be substantial since experimental timeframes may extend over many months. For example, in the comprehensive 2-year national pesticide monitoring program stody by Kutz et al., nearly 2500 samples were collected which individually assessed over 40 individual pesticides and reaction by-products per sample. 

Kutz, F.W., B.T. Cook, O.D. Carter-Pokras, D. Brody, and R.S. Murphy. 1992. Selected pesticide residues and metabolites in urine from a survey of the U.S. general population. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 37 277-291. 

Holzinger A, Karsten U, Lutz C, Wiencke C (2006) Ultrastructure and photosynthesis in the supralittoral green macroalga Prasiola crispa (Lightfoot) Kutzing from Spitsbergen (Norway) under UV exposure. Phycologia 45 168-177... 

Limited information was found on atmospheric concentrations of endrin between 1970 and the mid-1980s, prior to cancellation of virtually all uses (Bishop 1984, 1985, 1986 EPA 1993e USDA 1995) (see Section 4.3). The data were insufficient to identify any trends. The mean and maximum airborne concentrations of endrin in the United States in 1970-71 were reported to be 0.2 ng/m3 and 19.2 ng/m3, respectively (Lee 1977). For that same time period, mean airborne concentrations at suburban sites near Jackson, Mississippi, and Columbia, South Carolina, were reported to be 0.1 ng/m3 and 0.2 ng/m3, respectively (Bidleman 1981 Kutz et al. 1976). Endrin was not detected at Boston, Massachusetts, suburban sites... 

Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. Endrin has been reported to occur at very low levels in food (Davies 1988 FDA 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 KAN-DO Office and Pesticides Team 1995 Minyard and Roberts 1991 Roy et al. 1995 Schattenburg and Hsu 1992 Trotter and Dickerson 1993 Yess et al. 1993) and air (Bidleman 1981 Kutz et al. 1976 Nash 1983). It has only rarely been detected in a number of national and regional surveys of drinking water supplies (Schafer et al. 1969 Wnuk et al. 1987). Because endrin is no longer commercially used in the United States, future levels of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone in environmental media are expected to be low. 

Mirex has been found in human adipose tissue (Burse et al. 1989 Kutz et al. 1974). Although the route of exposure was not specified, exposure was probably via the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. Levels of 0.16-5.94 ppm and 0.3-1.13 ppm in males and females, respectively, were found in tissue samples taken either from postmortem examinations or during surgery (Kutz et al. 1974). The adipose tissue samples came from individuals who lived in areas in which mirex was used extensively in a program to control fire ants. Adipose tissue levels of mirex ranging from 0.03 to 3.72 ppm have been found in residents living near a dump site in Tennessee (Burse et al. 1989). 

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