Peninsulas

The effects of a rather distinct deformed shell at = 152 were clearly seen as early as 1954 in the alpha-decay energies of isotopes of californium, einsteinium, and fermium. In fact, a number of authors have suggested that the entire transuranium region is stabilized by shell effects with an influence that increases markedly with atomic number. Thus the effects of shell substmcture lead to an increase in spontaneous fission half-Hves of up to about 15 orders of magnitude for the heavy transuranium elements, the heaviest of which would otherwise have half-Hves of the order of those for a compound nucleus (lO " s or less) and not of milliseconds or longer, as found experimentally. This gives hope for the synthesis and identification of several elements beyond the present heaviest (element 109) and suggest that the peninsula of nuclei with measurable half-Hves may extend up to the island of stabiHty at Z = 114 andA = 184. 

A large deposit of loparite occurs ia the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The production of REO reaches 6500 t/yr. Loparite contains over 30% of rare-earth oxides from the cerium group. In addition, loparite contains up to 40% titanium oxide and up to 12% niobium and tantalum oxides. 

Apatite and other phosphorites constitute a substantial resource of rare earths. The REO content is highly variable and ranges from trace amounts to over 1%. Apatite- [1306-05-4] rich tailings of the iron ore at Mineville, New York, have been considered a potential source of yttrium and lanthanides. Rare-earth-rich apatites are found at the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and the Phalaborwa complex in South Africa. In spite of low REO content apatites could become an important source of rare earths because these are processed in large quantities for the manufacturing of fertilisers (qv). 

Desalination. A special case of distillation is water desalination. In places where energy is abundant but fresh water is not, eg, the Arabian Peninsula, water may be produced from seawater ia flash evaporators. Low pressure turbiae steam is extracted to provide heat for the evaporators. Coadeased steam is returned to the cycle. Such units may be particularly prone to corrosion by salts. Sizes vary, but a plant scheduled for completion in 1996 had six units and a total capacity of 345,600 m /d. Power generation was expected to be 17,500 MW (36). 

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the world s sulfur demand of about two million metric tons was met by sulfur produced from elemental deposits in Sicily, Italy, and from pyrite mined on the Iberian Peninsula. By 1995, sulfur was recovered in more than 78 countries. 

Baddeleyite, a naturally occurring zirconium oxide, has been found in the Poco de Caldas region of the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes in Brazil, the Kola Peninsula of the former USSR, and the northeastern Transvaal of the Repubflc of South Africa. BraziUan baddeleyite occurs frequently with zircon, and ore shipments are reported to contain 65—85% zirconium oxide, 12—18% siUca, and 0.5% uranium oxide. Veryhttle of this ore is exported now because all radioactive minerals are under close control of the BraziUan government. 

Korea. More graphite is mined on the Korean peninsula than any other region in the world, except China. Geologists estimate the reserves of both flake and amorphous, but predominantly amorphous, graphite on the order of millions of tons. The iron content of Korean graphite is low and the ash is a distinctive white. 

Phosphate rock, mined widely throughout the world for its fertilizer value (see Fertilizers), in certain regions contains a few percent of lanthanides. For example, the apatite deposits in the Kola peninsula on the Russian/Finnish border. The Ln content is recoverable from the various processing residues, and because other Ln-containing minerals, such as loparite [12173-83-0], are also found there, the location suppHes a significant part of the demand in Eastern Europe. 

Most copper deposits are (/) porphyry deposits and vein replacement deposits, (2) strata-bound deposits in sedimentary rocks, (J) massive sulfide deposits in volcanic rocks, (4) magmatic segregates associated with nickel in mafic intmsives, or (5) native copper, typified by the lava-associated deposits of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. 

Asia/Middle East Kola Peninsula, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, India, Turkey 1.4... 

An oil has been distilled from champaca leaves in the Malay Peninsula. The yield was 0 04 per cent, of an oil having the following oharactera —... 

Zonabend, F. (1993). The Nuclear Peninsula. Translated from the French by J. A Undei"wood. New York Cambridge University Press. 

The Florida peninsula, previously part of SERC, became a separate NERC Region in 1996 and was designated as the FRCC. It currently has 34 members consisting of investor-owned utilities, cooperatives, municipals, power marketers, and independent power producers. 

Oil Spills. Oil spills occur from oil pipeline leaks, oil tanker accidents, or submarine oil drilling operations. The two major ocean drilling accidents—oil wells blowing out—were the 1969 Santa Barbara Channel spill and the 1979 Yucatan Peninsula spill, in Mexico. The Yucatan spill spewed out more than three million barrels before being capped in 1980. Both caused damage to beaches and marine life, but the smaller Santa Barbara spill was far more devastating because of unfavorable winds following the accident. 

The war of 1854-1856 was foughl mainly in the Crimean peninsula between Russia on the one hand and Great Britain, France and Turkey. Shown are cannonballs used during the war. (Corbis-Bedmann)... 

According to Haneda (1955), the centipede Orphaneus brevilabiatus is found widely in Micronesia, the East Indies, the Malay Peninsula, Indochina, Formosa and Okinawa. The centipedes (about 6 cm long) are often found in native houses, on the walls and inside furniture, and they secrete a greenish luminous slime when irritated. When exposed to a chloroform vapor, they discharge strikingly luminous slime from every segment of the body. 

Cretaceous 138 Myr Gondwana begins to break up. Continued radiation of flowering plants mammals begin diversifying. Meteorite strikes Yucatan Peninsula at end of period causing mass extinction (ca. 75% of all species disappear)... 

For an ice sheet of thickness H in equilibrium with a climate supplying accumulation at a rate a (thickness of ice per imit time), the vertical velocity near the ice-sheet surface is a and this velocity decreases to zero at the ice-sheet bed. A characteristic time constant for the ice core is H/a. The longest histories are therefore obtained from the thick and dry interiors of the ice sheets (particularly central East Antarctica, where H/a = 2 X 10 yrs). Unfortunately, records from low a sites are also low resolution, so to obtain a high-resolution record a high a site must be used and duration sacrificed (examples are the Antarctic Peninsula (H/a = 10 ) and southern Greenland H/a = 5 x 10 )). 

On an annual basis, temperature increase will be between 2.5 and 3.5°C for this scenario, lower on the sea itself and in coastal areas, higher in the interior of Iberian and Balkan peninsulas and in Northern Africa. These increases are slightly lower in winter, and remarkably higher in summer, when temperature increases of more than... 

Fig. 2 Relative proportion (%) of water demand in relation to available resources in the main catchments of the Iberian Peninsula (data derived from Libro Blanco del Agua en Espana, Spanish Ministry of Environment 2000)...

Rodrigo FS, Barriendos M (2008) Reconstruction of seasonal and annual rainfall variability in the Iberian peninsula (16th-20th centuries) from documentary data. Glob Planet Change 63 243-257... 

Turbulent flame-front regime. Eddy-like contortions of fhe flame preheaf and burned gases zones give rise to "ouf of fronf" islands and peninsula sfructures of intermediate progress variable values. Scalar transport becomes gradient-like. 

The first step in space planning should be to estimate how much bench space wall be required. Benches must accommodate various pieces of permanently installed equipment and still have room for both frequently performed and special one-time tasks. Benches may be either installed against the wall or placed back to back in peninsulas or islands. The exact configuration will be worked out later. For now, what is important is the total number of running feet of bench space that will be required. 

Typical laboratory benches are 36 inches high and 30 inches deep when mounted against a wall. This includes the average 7 inches (more or less than this may be required) behind them for carrying utilities. The actual base cabinet depth is 23 inches, which makes narrower counters possible in areas where space for utilities can be sacrificed. If benches are formed into a peninsula or an island, a typical total width is 54 inches. It may be more if the center part has shelves or extra utilities. 

Educational laboratories often have island work benches, generally with a sink at one or both ends. Depending on room size, a peninsula arrangement could save considerable cost with no loss in efficiency. 

Cabinets come in a variety of units to suit individual needs. These are then bolted together to make benches. Any combination of drawers, cupboards, and knee-hole units is possible. Some fume hoods come complete with their own base cabinets. Where desirable, desk-height units can be integrated into the system. All units come with legs which can be acijusted for an uneven floor. Standard installation leaves room behind the counters or along the middle of peninsulas for utilities. After the cabinets are installed, counter tops are put in place and bench-mounted fume hoods added. 

In an educational laboratory such overhead mounting must be planned with care. The typical work benches here are either peninsulas or islands where the utility box would go down the center with a shelf on top. The total height must be such that the instructor is able to look over the shelf in order to supervise a class. To complicate matters, there may be a waste water trough along the center of the bench which requires some free space above it. These multiple requirements present a challenge to the designer. 

Drain troughs are often put along the center of the island or peninsula type work benches, sometimes with water outlets... 

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