Kirwan

Kirwan, Mass Transfer Principles in Rousseau, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, Wiley, 1987. 

External mass-transfer coefficients for particles suspended in agitated contactors can be estimated from equations in Levins and Glastonbury [Trans. Instn. Chem. E/ig., 50, 132 (1972)] and Armenante and Kirwan [Chem. Eng. ScL, 44, 2871 (1989)]. 

HRMS Human Reliability Management System Kirwan, 1992... 

Kirwan, B.. 1992., Human Error Identification in Human Reliability Assessment, A Ergonomics, 23, pp 299-318 and pp 371-381. 

Mahajan, A.J. and Kirwan, D.J., 1996. Micromixing effects in a two-impinging-jets precipitator. American Institution of Chemical Engineers Journal, 42, 1801-1814. 

Task analysis is a fundamental methodology in the assessment and reduction of human error. A very wide variety of different task analysis methods exist, and it would be impracticable to describe all these techniques in this chapter. Instead, the intention is to describe representative methodologies applicable to different types of task. Techniques that have actually been applied in the CPI will be emphasized. An extended review of task analysis techniques is available in Kirwan and Ainsworth (1993). 

Because most research effort in the human reliability domain has focused on the quantification of error probabilities, a large number of techniques exist. However, a relatively small number of these techniques have actually been applied in practical risk assessments, and even fewer have been used in the CPI. For this reason, in this section only three techniques will be described in detail. More extensive reviews are available from other sources (e.g., Kirwan et al., 1988 Kirwan, 1990 Meister, 1984). Following a brief description of each technique, a case study will be provided to illustrate the application of the technique in practice. As emphasized in the early part of this chapter, quantification has to be preceded by a rigorous qualitative analysis in order to ensure that all errors with significant consequences are identified. If the qualitative analysis is incomplete, then quanhfication will be inaccurate. It is also important to be aware of the limitations of the accuracy of the data generally available... 

FIGURE 5.11. Operator Action Tree for ESD Failure Scenario (Kirwan, 1990). 

The SLIM technique is described in detail in Embrey et al. (1984) and Kirwan (1990). The technique was originally developed with the support of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission but, as with TFIERP, it has subsequently been used in the chemical, transport, and other industries. The technique is intended to be applied to tasks at any level of detail. Thus, in terms of the HTA in Figure 5.6, errors could be quantified at the level of whole tasks, subtasks, task steps of even individual errors associated with task steps. This flexibility makes it particularly useful in the context of task analysis methods such as FITA. 

Bellamy, L. J., Kirwan, B., Cox, R. A. (1986). Incorporating Human Reliability into Probabilistic Safety Assessment. 5th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Cannes, France. Paris Societe de Chimie Industrielle. 

Embrey, D. E., Kirwan, B., Rea, K., Humphreys, P., Rosa, E. A. (1984). SLIM-MAUD. An approach to Assessing Human Error Probabilities Using Structured Expert judgment Vols. I and II. Washington, DC NUREG/CR—3518 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 

Kirwan, B. (1990). Human Reliability Assessment. In J. R. Wilson E. N. Corlett (Eds.). Evaluation of Human Work, a Practical Ergonomics Methodology. Washington, DC Taylor and Francis. 

Kirwan, B., Ainsworth, L. K. (1993). A Guide to Task Analysis. Washington, DC Taylor Francis. 

Kirwan, B., Embrey, D. E., Rea, K. (1988). Human Reliability Assessors Guide P. Humphreys (Ed.). Report no. RTS 88/95Q, Safety and Reliability Directorate, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Wigshaw Lane, Culcheth, Warrington, WA3 4NE, England. 

Dr. Trevor Kletz Dr. Deborah Lucas Barry Kirwan Andrew Livingston... 

LLerena, A., Dorado, R, O Kirwan, R et al. (2004). Lower frequency of CYP2C9 2 in Mexican-Americans compared to Spaniards. Pharmacogenomics., 4, 403-6. 

Vogel, Anna Kirwan-. The jewell of life. Harcourt Childrens Books, 1991. 118p. ISBN 0152007504... 

Let X be a smooth projective variety over the complex numbers C. Then X is already defined over a finitely generated extension ring R of Z, i.e. there is a variety Xr defined over R such that Xr xr C = X. For every prime ideal p of R let Xp = XR xr R/p. There is a nonempty open subset U C pec(R) such that Xp is smooth for all p U, and the /-adic Betti-numbers of Xp coincide with those of X for all primes / different from the characteristic of A/p (cf. [Kirwan (1) 15.], [Bialynicki-Birula, Sommese (1) 2.]. If m C R is a maximal ideal lying in U for which R/m is a finite field Fq of characteristic p /, we call Xm a good reduction of X modulo q. 

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