Kinetic homogenity

Emanuel, N.M. Knorre, D.C. Chemical Kinetics Homogeneous Reactions Wiley (Halsted Press) New York, 1973. 

From Chemical Kinetics—Homogeneous Reactions by N. M. Emanuel and D. G. Knorre. Copyright 1973. Reprinted by permission of Keter Publishing House Ltd. 

The emphasis of this book is entirely on analytical, mechanistic (homogeneous), kinetic (homogeneous), and synthetic (laboratory-scale) applications. Physical electrochemistry is not a direct concern, and equilibrium methods (potentiometry) are intentionally omitted. There is no attempt to include specific chemical examples except where they are particularly illustrative and have pedagogical value. No extensive review of the original literature is included, but references to key reviews and papers of historical interest are emphasized. Authors have selected experimental approaches that work best and have commented freely on outmoded or underdeveloped methods. The authors and editors have made value judgments that undoubtedly will disappoint some readers. 

In deterministic theory we started with the definition of a compartment as a kinetically homogeneous amount of material. The equivalent definition in stochastic theory is that the probability of a unit participating in a particular transfer out of a compartment, at any time, is the same for all units in the compartment. 

Volume of distribution Va (units volume). The volume of the accessible pool is a volume in which the drug, upon introduction into the system, intermixes uniformly (kinetically homogeneous) and instantane ously. 

Compartmental models are the mathematical result of such lumping. A com-partment is an amount of material that is kinetically homogeneous. Kinetic homogeneity means that material introduced into a compartment mixes instantaneously, and that each particle in the compartment has the same probability as all other particles in the compartment of leaving the compartment along the various exit pathways from the compartment. A compartmental model consists of a finite number of compartments with specified interconnections, inputs, and losses. 

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Chemical Kinetics Homogeneous Keaction.s. Circular 510, Sept, 28, 1951 Supplement 1, Nov. 14, 1956 Supplement 2, Aug 5, I960 Supplement 3, Sept, 15, 1961. Washington, D.C. U.S, Government Printing Office. 

The property of kinetic homogeneity is an important assumption in TDM because it is the basis on which all therapeutic and toxic concentration reference values are established. Measurable concentration ranges collectively define a... 

For simplicity, the intravenous bolus one-compartment model is used for illustrative purposes. After introduction of an intravenous bolus dose (Dq) into the single compartment, the drug is assumed to distribute instantaneously through all fluids and tissues of the body. The property of kinetic homogeneity is also assumed. 

Tables of Chemical Kinetics—Homogeneous Reactions, Natl. Bur. Standards Circ. 510, Washington, D.C., 1951. 

Kinetic homogeneity. A compartment contains tissues that can be grouped according to similar kinetic properties to the drug allowing for rapid distribution between tissues. 

KCE uses the advantages of CE to create a new analytical platform of kinetic homogeneous affinity methods. Seven KCE methods have been suggested and studied in different applications. The spectrnm of proven applications includes ... 

Petrov, A., Okhonin, V., Berezovski, M., Krylov, S. N. (2005). Kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE) a conceptual platform for kinetic homogeneous affinity methods. J Am ChemSoc 127, 17104-17110. 

In this Sect.4.9 we discuss Eqs. (4.156), (4.171) concerning chemical reactions in a regular linear fluids mixture (see end of Sect. 4.6), i.e. with linear transport phenomena. This model gives the (non-linear) dependence of chemical reaction rates on temperature and densities (i.e. on molar concentrations (4.288)) only (4.156), which is (at least approximately) assumed in classical chemical kinetics [132, 157]. Here, assuming additionally polynomial dependence of rates on concentrations, we deduce the basic law of chemical kinetics (homogeneous, i.e. in one fluid (gas, liquid) phase) called also the mass action law of chemical kinetics, by purely phenomenological means [56, 66, 79, 162, 163]. 

Volume II Properties of Matter in its Aggregated States. Part 1 Mechanical-Thermal Properties of States (1971), Part 2 Equilibria except Fusion Equilibria, Part 2a Equilibria Vapor-Condensate and Osmotic Phenomena (1960), Part 2b Solution Equilibria 1 (1962), Part 2c Solution Equilibria 11 (1964), Part 3 Fusion Equilibria and Interfacial Phenomena (1956), Part 4 Caloric Quantities of State (1961), Part 5a Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion) (1969), Part 5b Transport Phenomena 11 (Kinetics. Homogenous Gas Equilibria), (1968), Part 6 Electrical Properties 1 (1959), Part 7 Electrical Properties 11 (Electrochemical Systems) (1960), Part 8 Optical Constants (1962), Part 9 Magnetic Properties I (1962), Part 10 Magnetic Properties II (1967). 

Zanotto E.D. and Galhardi A., "Experimental Test of the General Theory of Transformation Kinetics Homogeneous Nucleation in a Na20-2Ca0 3Si02 Glass," J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 104, 73-80 (1988). 

The biokinetic component of the lEUBK model simulates Pb distribution to blood and other tissues and also the excretion of the toxicant, the latter mainly via urine and feces, and also by such minor routes as skin, nails, and hair. Conceptually and structurally, the model s biokinetic underpinning is a com-partmental structure in which aU compartments are taken to be kinetically homogeneous. Figure 9.3 graphically identifies seven compartments among which Pb transfers occur, including a central blood plasma—extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment, an erythrocyte compartment, five peripheral body compartments, and three excretion pools (White et al., 1998). Two of the compartments important to Pb deposition and release are subcompartments of bone trabecular... 

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