Kilning

The cereals are soaked (steeped) in water and then allowed to germinate. The product, green malt, is dried and mildly roasted into a more or less dark and aroma-rich kiln-dried malt. During processing, the rootlets are removed from the malt. The loss due to malting is 11-13% of the dry weight. Prior to use, the malt is stored for 4—6 weeks. 

The germinated cereals, termed green malt, contain 43-47% moisture. They are dried in a kiln to give a storable malt with a water content from 2.5% (dark) to 4.5% (lager). 

Light malt requires fast drying so that the Mail-lard reaction does not get a look-in. The process is carried out in high-performance kilns at a temperature which is raised from 50 to 65 °C. The barley heats up and germination stops above 40 °C at a water content which is reduced to 20%. However, the activities of hydrolases (endopepti-dases, a-amylases) still increase, as desired. The final drying is carried out at 82-85 °C, leading to unavoidable enzyme losses. 

In the production of dark malt, the moisture is withdrawn so slowly that the material temperature is higher than with light malt. Although this results in an inhibition of germination, there is an extension of the period in which the activities of the hydrolases increase. The degradation of proteins and carbohydrates to precursors of the Mai Hard reaction is correspondingly extensive. Finally, the malt is rapidly dried at 100 to 105 °C, the Maillard reaction providing intensive color and aroma substances. 

Conventionally processed but undried malt that has high extracts and produces highly fermentable worts rich in soluble nitrogen. It is mainly used for grain distilling. 

Also known as wind malts these are obtained by allowing green malt to dehydrate and spread on perforated screens in large lofts. Wind malts are used in brewing traditional Belgian Old Louvain beers. 

Grain that sprouts in the spike before harvesting when the weather was wet and warm. These malts are no longer produced. 

Malts that are kilned at low temperature (50°C to 70°C) and fast airflow generally produced from two-rowed barleys. The very pale malt has no trace of caramelization and produces weak aroma. 

Preferred malts for brewing traditional British ales. Most are produced from two-rowed barleys with nitrogen contents of 1.35% to 1.5%. The green malts are carefully dried, but after the break has occurred, the air temperature is increased to 60°C to 90°C until curing is finished at a high temperature (100°C to 105°C). The temp nture profile detmnines if the ale malt is classified as pale, mild, or standard. Pales are the finest and most in-demand for the cask conditioned beers. 

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Other designs of kilns use static shells rather than rotating shells and rely on mechanical rakes to move solid material through the reactor. 

Computer Model of Thermal Processes in a Cement Kiln for Application in IR Defectoscopy. 

For IR defectoscopy of cement kilns one can use the data about temperature distribution over an operating cement kiln surface, obtained with scanning units of thermal monitoring [1],... 

Local deviations of experimental data from calculated ones can be used to identify defects of a kiln body. 

The given computer model of thermal processes in a cement kiln allows to calculate temperature pattern both at a surface and inside a kiln body. 

The model allows to perform thermal calculation of a multi-layer annular structure of a kiln body with a granular mixture-clinker, roasted inside it (Fig 1). 

All the processes, proceeding in a kiln, are divided into a following (sequence) ... 

For a cell, located close to an outer surface of a kiln the equation of heat balance can be written in the form ... 

To speed up the process of attainment of the temperature steady value one can use special operations calculation without a kiln rotation, using large time intervals and calculation in two-dimensional R-tp geometry without regard for heat and mass transfer along an axis The program for realization of discussed simulation algorithms enables to calculate temperature in cells, a total number of which can not exceed 130 thousands A circular kiln structure can contain up to three layers. 

The internal kiln surface can contain up to six empty defect zones or zones with thermal physical characteristics different from those of material layers. The initial data are taken from a text file, prepared by any editor in the format MS-DOS. The obtained values of temperatures are written into an output file in the format MS-DOS for subsequent processing with visualization programs. 

Fig.3 shows comparison of calculated temperature distribution along the coordinate Z of a kiln cylindrical body with an experimental one. 

As it is shown in Fig.3 coincidence of curves is rather good. A calculated curve shows a clearly defined defect in on internal coating of a kiln. 

The gases from the kiln contain about 9% sulphur dioxide. (The calcium oxide combines with the silica to form a silicate slag which, when cool, is crushed and mixed with some anhydrite to give cement, a valuable by-product.)... 

Fig. 5.14 Adsorption isotherms of water on carbon in (a) to f) with corresponding isotherms of nitrogen in (a), (c) and (J), and of benzene in (f>). (a) Charcoal (b) active carbon AY8 (c) charcoal A (J) charcoal (e) a coal tar pitch kilned at 1200°C (/) a charcoal (S600H). (Redrawn from the diagrams in the original papers.)...

Controlling the rate of material flow to various pieces of equipment such as grinders or kilns... 

The ABS polymer is recovered through coagulation of the ABS latex. Coagulation is usually achieved by the addition of an agent to the latex which destabilizes the emulsion. The resulting slurry can then be filtered or centrifuged to recover the ABS resin. The wet resin is dried to a low moisture content. A variety of dryers can be used for ABS, including tray, fluid bed, and rotary kiln type dryers. 

The lime, cooled somewhat by the entering air in the lower parts of the shaft kiln, is discharged intermittently and slaked to calcium hydroxide with... 

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