Thoracic kidney

The intermediate-duration inhalation MRL was based on a NOAEL of 0.005 ppm administered to rats for 5 hours a day, 5 days a week for 3 weeks (Mobay Corporation 1984). At 0.3 ppm, decreased kidney weights were observed in both male and female rats, with decreased liver weights observed in females only. Hepatic and renal effects were not seen at an inhaled dose of 0.15 ppm and lower. Nasal lesions occurred in 80-90% of the animals exposed at the 0.3 ppm level, while only 50-70% of the animals were affected at the 0.15 ppm concentration. No significant lower respiratory tract alterations were noted at the 0.0175 ppm inhalation dose (NOAEL) however, at the same 0.0175 ppm dose, hemorrhage, inflammatory exudate, epithelial changes were observed in the nasal cavity. The 0.0175 ppm dose is also classified as an extra-thoracic respiratory tract LOAEL and is the toxicological end point that this intermediate-duration MRL is based upon. For the purposes of MRL derivation, the minimal LOAEL was placed at 0.0175 ppm and the NOAEL was placed at 0.005 ppm. Since there is no reported threshold for HDI immrmological hypersensitivity in hmnans, this MRL may not be protective for persons with hypersensitivities to HDI. Respiratory tract lesions in laboratory animals have been described in other studies (Dow Chemical 1964 E.l. Dupont de Nemours 1978 Haskell Laboratory 1961 Karol et al. 

Kher A, Meldrum KK, Hile KL, Wang M, Tsai BM, Turrentine MW, et al. Aprotinin improves kidney function and decreases tubular cell apoptosis and proapoptotic signaling after renal ischemia-reperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005 130 662-669. 

Kaneda Y, Liu D, Brooks A et al. (2001) Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of isolated lung perfusion with cisplatin in rat. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 49 443-448 Newton JFJ, Hook JB (1981) Isolated perfused rat kidney. Methods Enzymol 77 94-105... 

Superwarfarin intoxication may have no signs or symptoms other than the appearance of bleeding in the stools, mine, mucous membranes, thoracic or abdominal cavity. Ebola viras causes sudden hemorrhagic fever, weakness, muscle pain, headache, and sore throat, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, limited kidney and liver functions, and both internal and external bleeding. 

Postural headache after thoracic paravertebral nerve anesthesia, and probably reflecting dural entry, has been reported (343). Nerve root damage is another possible complication. Hematuria due to injury to the kidney or ureter is an unusual complication of lumbar paravertebral sympathetic block (344). 

The KO models suggest that thoracic aorta contains mostly or entirely D, and the liver contains mostly or entirely B (Table 2). There is some disagreement in kidney, with the A and AB KOs suggesting a mixture of A ( 60%) andB ( 40%), whereas the B KO study found no B in kidney (Table 2). From Table 2, brain has approx 55% A, 35% B, and 10% D. Brain shows considerable regional variation in subtype expression, but data are so far limited. Among the limited tissues tested so far, the A is predominant in brain and kidney, the B is the main subtype in liver and heart, and the D is expressed at the protein level only in thoracic aorta and brain (Table 2). In summary, the KOs confirmed the distribution of subtypes in the mouse. 

The kidneys form a paired organ system located in the retroperitoneal space. They extend from the level of the lower part of the 11th thoracic vertebra to the upper portion of the 3rd lumbar vertebra, with the right kidney situated slightly lower than the left. The adult kidney is about 12 cm... 

Currently, MMF is approved for use in kidney, liver, and heart transplants. A recent analysis of 5599 patients in the Joint International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) and UNOS Thoracic Registry showed a statistically signihcant survival advantage for MMF compared with azathioprine (1 year, 96% versus 93% 3 years, 91% versus 86%). Efficacy has been demonstrated in combination with both CSA and TAC. 

An exciting area of research concerns the role of dietary n-6 PUFA in hypertension. Early human studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of a high dietary intake of an n-6 PUFA, i.e., LA, on BP (27-29). The mechanism of action would appear to be through the conversion to prostaglandins (PG), which in turn have been repeatedly shown to have effects on BP (30-34). Deficiencies of the long-chain n-6 PUFA, DGLA and AA, in cell membranes and tissues can contribute to diseases. Consistent alterations in tissue fatty acid metabolism exist during hypertension (35). Numerous membrane abnormalities have been reported in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a commonly used animal model for human hypertension (36 1). Membrane abnormalities in kidney (42-44), thoracic aorta (45,46), and in the isolated liver cells (47) contribute to the altered membrane properties and functions and in part... 

Somatic dysfunctions are commonly found at the twelfth thoracic, and first two lumbar segments. Chapman s points for the kidney, as well as the cranio-sacral mechanism, must be evaluated. Any dysfunctions found should receive osteopathic manipulative treatment at the time of the acute incident, with a follow-up evaluation and treatment as necessary when the symptom complex has subsided. 

Parolari A, Pesce LL, Pacini D, Mazzanti V, SaHs S, SciacoveUi C, et al. Risk factors for perioperative acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery role of perioperative management. Ann Thorac Surg 2012 93(2) 584-91. 

Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) Small thorax, polydactyly, rhizomelic limb shortening, trident pelvis, biliary dysgenesis and pancreatic dysplasia Renal dysplasia, juvenile nephronopthisis, hydroureters, multicystic kidneys AR (2008500)... 

Excessive cranial migration of the kidney results in a thoracic kidney or in a superior ectopic kidney (N Guessen et al. 1984), lying below a thin membranous portion of the diaphragm. An intrathoracic kidney occurs in fewer than 5% of the cases of renal ectopy, with an incidence of 1 in 13,000 autopsies (Campbell 1930). The left side is more commonly... 

The thoracic kidney is often detected on a routine chest radiograph as a suspected mass. 

---