Ectopic kidney

Hale in 1935 found ectopic kidneys in the offspring of sows on a vitamin A-deficient diet, and Wilson and Warkany showed that considerable malformations of the urinary tract of the offspring could be obtained by placing the mother on this type of diet. In rats they found fused kidneys (see Fig. 15), stenosis of the uterus, homologous genital ducts, and failure... 

Anomalies of renal position and rotation are well demonstrated by the high resolution anatomic images. Horseshoe and ectopic kidneys can be easily separated from the background and overlying tissues. Pelvic kidneys in particular, which often are significantly smaller than the normally positioned kidney, are well demonstrated with MR urography (Fig. 1.2.13). Hypoplastic kidneys associated with ureteric ectopia and supernumerary kidneys, which have been difficult to demonstrate with other imaging modalities, can usually be demonstrated even if there is minimal renal function. 

There are no contraindications to IRC however, caution should be exercised in excluding VUR when there is dilatation with poor drainage of the upper tracts. Also in the presence of a pelvic kidney or a low ectopic kidney, the full bladder may obscure the kidney. 

Simple renal ectopy refers to a kidney that remains in the ipsilateral retroperitoneal space. The most common position is in the pelvis - pelvic or sacral kidney - opposite the sacrum and below the aortic bifurcation. The lumbar or iliac ectopic kidney is one that is fixed above the crest of the ilium, but below the level of L2 and L3. Malrotation frequently accompanies renal ectopy (Fig. 4.1) (Kissane 1983 Daneman and Alton 1991 Ritchey 1992 CuRRARiNO et al. 1993). 

The diagnosis of an ectopic kidney can be made by US in most cases. Intravenous urography oblique... 

Excessive cranial migration of the kidney results in a thoracic kidney or in a superior ectopic kidney (N Guessen et al. 1984), lying below a thin membranous portion of the diaphragm. An intrathoracic kidney occurs in fewer than 5% of the cases of renal ectopy, with an incidence of 1 in 13,000 autopsies (Campbell 1930). The left side is more commonly... 

Crossed renal ectopia is the second most common fusion anomaly after horseshoe kidney, with an incidence of 1 in 7,000 autopsies (Abeshouse and Bhisitkul 1959). The crossed ectopic kidney lies on the opposite side from the ureteral insertion of the bladder. There are four varieties of renal crossed ectopia (Fig. 4.4) (McDonald and McClellan 1957 Abeshouse and Bhisitkul 1959). Crossed renal ectopia with fusion occurs in 85%,... 

Lippe B, Geffner ME, Dietrich RB, Boechat MI, Kangarloo H (1988) Renal malformation in patients with Turner s syndrome imaging in 141 patients. Pediatrics 82 852-856 Malek RS, Kelalis PP, Burke EC (1971) Ectopic kidney in children and frequency of association with other malformations. Mayo Clin Proc 46 461-467 McDonald JH, McClellan DS (1957) Crossed renal ectopia. Am J Surg 93 995-1002... 

Thompson GJ, Pace JM (1937) Ectopic kidney a review of 97 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 64 935-943 Warkany J, Passarge E, Smith LB (1966) Congenital malformations in autosomal trisomy syndromes. Am J Dis Child 112 502-517... 

US genitogrophy in all patients with single kidney, MCDK, ectopic kidneys etc. .. 

Partial nephrectomy Ectopic kidney Supernumerary kidney Other hypo-dysplasia... 

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