Ketoprofen structure

This study also suggests that molecular size and structure play a role in this interaction. The binding behaviors of dextrin oligomers for four different pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, furosemide, and warfarin) were observed under the same experimental conditions. Ibuprofen and ketoprofen, two compounds that are similar in chemical structure and pharmaceutical use, showed obvious differences in interaction patterns (Fig. 13A and B). Ketoprofen, having an extra aromatic ring, required an octa-saccharide (DP = 8) for binding, whereas ibuprofen required a heptasac-... 

Although nitrile hydratases tend not to be stereoselective, examples of enantioselective enzymes are known [103, 106, 107, 114]. Of particular interest is the possibility to selectively hydrolyse 2-phenylproprionitriles, the core structure for ibuprofen and many other profens [103, 107, 114, 115]. This enables the enantioselective synthesis of the amides of ketoprofen and naproxen (Scheme 6.39). 

As with the other protein-based CSPs, initial studies indicate a relationship between the structure of the protein and chromatographic properties of the OVM CSP (101). When the sialic acid residues, were enzymatically removed from the protein, the capadty factors (k ) of the enantiomers of an addic solute (ketoprofen) were reduced, whereas the k s of the enantiomers of a basic solute (chlorpheniramine) were un-... 

Naproxen is a propionic acid derivative that has a structure similar to ibuprofen and ketoprofen. It can be administered either i.v. or p.o. to horses, even though it is poorly absorbed with a bioavailability of approximately 50% (Pasargiklian Bianco 1986). It has a relatively short half-life in plasma (4h) (Tobin 1979). There is little information available on the therapeutic index of naproxen in the horse. 

Ketoprofen. Ketoprofen, 3-bcnzuyl-a mclhylbcnzcne-acetie acid, i -benzoylhydratropic acid (Orudis), is closely related to fenoprofen in structure, properties, and indications. It has a low incidence of. side effects and has heen approved for over-the-counter sale (Orudis KT, Actron). It is available as eapsules and tablets (25 and 50 mg), with a recommended daily dose of 150 to 300 mg divided into three or four doses. It is also available as extended-release capsules (100. 150, and 200 mg). 

AIrheumat " ketoprofen. alsactide [inn] (Hoechst 433) is a synthetic peptide, a structural corticotrophin analogue, which has been used as a diagnostic agent for adrenal insufficiency, and clinically for conditions where CORTICOSTEROID treatment is indicated. See also corticotrophin. 

Biomimetic artificiai membranes-factors Effects of pH and co-solvents on the BAMPA were investigated to determine the optimal conditions for the prediction of oral absorption. The permeability (Pam) of 33 structurally diverse drugs to the PC/PE/ PS/PI/CHO/1,7-octadiene membrane system [bio-mimetic lipid (BML) membrane] was measured at pH 5.5,6.5, and 7.4. The pH dependence of Pam was in accordance with the pH partition theory. The better prediction of oral absorption (fraction of a dose absorbed) was shown under the pH 5.5 condition for determining the permeability of poorly soluble compounds were examined. Dimethysulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH) and polyoxyethyleneglycol 400 (PEG 400) were added up to 30% to the transport medium as solubilizers. DMSO, EtOH and PEG 400 decreased Pam of hydrocortisone and propranolol. For example, DMSO (30%) decreased Pam of hydrocortisone and propanol by 60 and 70%2, respectively. DMSO and PEG 400 also decreased Pam of ketoprofen. In contrast, EtOH produced an opposite effect on permeability, that is, an increased Pam of ketoprofen. Therefore, the high concentration of these co-solvents could lead to the under- or overestimation of drug permeability. 

Suprofen is an arylpropionic acid analgesic/antiinflammatory agent with close structural resemblance to ketoprofen. It is more potent in many eissays than indomethacin and ketoprofen and appears better tolerated. 

Figure 3.10 Structures of indomethacin, ketoprofen, fluoxetine, and fluconazide.

The Food and Drug Administration has also approved two other drugs with similar structures to ibuprofen for over-the-counter use as pain relievers. These new drugs are known by their generic names, naproxen and ketoprofen. Naproxen is often administered in the form of its sodium salt. Naproxen and ketoprofen can be used to alleviate the pain of headaches, toothaches, muscle aches, backaches, arthritis, and menstrual cramps, and they can also be used to reduce fever. They appear to have a longer duration of action than the older analgesics. 

Tubocurarine was used as a chiral selector for the separation of optical isomers of a series of organic carboxylates (amethopterin, ketoprofen, TV-protected amino acids) using CE in the pH range 5-7. In several cases, Rs values of about 2 were observed, but there were no clear correlations between structures of analytes and efficiency of chiral resolution. 

Figure 8.6 Structures of (a) dextromethorphan, (b) tramadol, (c) ibuprofen, (d) ketoprofen, (e) piroxicam, (f) tenoxicam, (g) naproxen, (h) indomethacin, (i) sulindac, and (j) diklofenac.

The results are in agreement with the recent release study of nonsteroidal drug ketoprofen [6]. Despite the fact that the ketoprofen release was studied by different techniques and therefore the release rate values are not comparable directly, the same tendency was observed. Additionally, it has been shown [34] that incorporation of ketoprofen does not alter the microemulsion system significantly however, its presence prevents the formation of stronger interaction and formation of gel-like structure in water rich region. It was also found out that stronger interactions between microemulsion components in W/O as well in the bicontinuous phase lead to slower ketoprofen release. Because of similar molecule structure of ibuprofen the same could be assumed also for it. We can conclude that release behavior of ibuprofen is influenced with the microstructure and can be predicted to a certain extent, using a combination of several tested methods for physical characterization of microemulsions. 

Figure 41.5 Structures of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, and naproxen.

Gonnade RG, Iwama S, Sugiwake R, Manoj K, Takahashi H, Tsue H, Tamura R. Occurrence of spontaneous resolution of ketoprofen with a racemic crystal structure by simple crystallization under nonequiUbrium preferential enrichment conditions. Chem. Commun. 2012 48(22) 2791-2793. 

Figure 2. Structure of the model drugs, (a) ketoprofen and (b) spironolactone.

Scheme 4. Photoinduced conversion of ionized ketoprofen (1) -CD entity to different structures in anaerobic (I) and aerated (II) solutions.

FIGURE 2.4 Structural racemic formulas of ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. 

---