Ketones common names

Common Names As with other classes of compounds, ketones and aldehydes are often called by common names instead of their systematic IUPAC names. Ketone common names are formed by naming the two alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl... 

Several aldehydes and ketones, in addition to formaldehyde and acetone, are well known by common names (see h Table 4.1). Notice that aldehyde and ketone common names are easily recognized by the endings -aldehyde and -one, respectively. 

A few of the common names acceptable for ketones m the lUPAC system are... 

Each of the following aldehydes or ketones is known by a common name Its substitutive lUPAC name is provided in parentheses Wnte a stmctural formula for each one... 

A cyanohydrin is an organic compound that contains both a cyanide and a hydroxy group on an aUphatic section of the molecule. Cyanohydrias are usually a-hydroxy nitriles which are the products of base-cataly2ed addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The lUPAC name for cyanohydrias is based on the a-hydroxy nitrile name. Common names of cyanohydrias are derived from the aldehyde or ketoae from which they are formed (Table 1). 

A few ketones are allowed by IUPAC to retain their common names. 

The word carbohydrate derives historically from the fact that glucose, the first simple carbohydrate to be obtained pure, has the molecular formula C6H,206 and was originally thought to be a "hydrate of carbon, C6(Tl20)6." This view was soon abandoned, but the name persisted. Today, the term carbohydrate is used to refer loosely to the broad class of polyhydroxvlated aldehydes and ketones commonly called sugars. Glucose, also known as dextrose in medical work, is the most familiar example. 

Since aldehydes and ketones are polar, they can act as polar solvents. Because of the non-polar hydrocarbon part of their molecules, aldehydes and ketones can also act as solvents for non-polar compounds. For example, 2-propanone (common name acetone) is an important organic solvent in the chemical industry. 

Acetoacetate picked up from the blood is activated in the mitochondria by succinyl CoA ace-toacetyl CoA transferase (common name thiophorase), an enzyme present only in extrahepatic tissues 3-hydroxybutyrate is first oxidized to acetoacetate. Because the liver lacks this enzyme, it carmot metabolize the ketone bodies. 

Write Ihe lUPAC names of Ihe following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names. 

Aldehydes use the parent name of their corresponding alkanes and the ending al. Therefore, the simplest aldehyde is meth-anal, but it goes by its common name formaldehyde. Aldehydes and ketones are often produced by the oxidation of alcohols. For example, formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of methanol according to the following reaction ... 

The functional group for ketones shows that the basic ketone contains three carbon atoms. Ketones have the ending one so the simplest ketone is called propanone, but it goes by the common name acetone ... 

Common names use the names of R or Ar as separate words, along with the word ketone. The lUPAC system replaces the -e of the name of the longest chain by the suffix -one. 

Pinacol rearrangement is a dehydration of a 1,2-diol to form a ketone. 2,3-drmethyl-2,3-butanediol has the common name pinacol (a symmetrical diol). When it is treated with strong acid, e.g. H2SO4, it gives 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone (methyl r-butyl ketone), also commonly known as pinacolone. The product results from the loss of water and molecular rearrangement. In the rearrangement of pinacol equivalent carbocations are formed no matter which hydroxyl group is protonated and leaves. 

A Schiff base is the common name for the (usually acyclic) imine product of the reaction of a primary aryl amine with an aldehyde or ketone. These imines are stable if there is at least one aryl group on the imino nitrogen or on the imino carbon (54). A cyclidene is generically a cyclic, multidentate imine. 

You should be able to recognize and give the common name for the simple aldehydes and ketones shown below. 

The carbonyl group, C=0, is present in both aldehydes (RCH=0) and ketones (R2C=0). The IUPAC ending for naming aldehydes is -a/, and numbering begins with the carbonyl carbon. The ending for the names of ketones is -one, and the longest chain is numbered as usual. Common names are also widely used. Nomenclature is outlined in Sec. 9.1. 

In a consumer sense, propanone is the most familiar ketone its common name is acetone. The flammability and odor associated with acetone are properties that are common among ketones. They are also generally good solvents—that is often their industrial purpose. 

To name ketones, the longest chain containing the carbonyl carbon is again chosen as the parent. This chain is numbered so that the carbonyl carbon has the lowest possible number, and the suffix -one is used. Common names ate also encountered occasionally. 

Some ketones have historical common names. Dimethyl ketone is always called acetone, and alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named as the acyl group followed by the suffix -phenone. 

A common name for the acetal of a ketone. The term ketal has been eliminated from the IUPAC nomenclature, (p. 855)... 

Name the following ketones and aldehydes. When possible, give both a common name and an IUPAC name. 

Nomenclature The most recent IUPAC nomenclature is stressed throughout the book, but common nomenclature is also discussed and used to develop students familiarity. Teaching only the IUPAC nomenclature might be justifiable in theory, but such an approach would handicap students in their further study and use of the literature. Much of the literature of chemistry, biology, and medicine uses common names such as methyl ethyl ketone, isovaleric acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, -y-aminobutyric acid, and e-caprolactam. This book emphasizes why systematic nomenclature is often preferred, yet it encourages familiarity with common names as well. 

This view was soon abondonod, bui the name pcrsii ted. Today, the term carbohydrate is used 10 refer looaely to the bro>ad class of polyhydroatyK Qted aldehydes and ketones commonly called sug r. ... 

The aldol condensation can also be brought about with acid catalysis. There are many aldol-like reactions which involve an aldehyde or ketone. However, the word aldol is a common name for the product of these reactions. Generally, the word aldol is used to refer to any P-hydroxyaldehyde or (3-hydroxyketone. For example, treatment of acetone with a base results in the aldol reaction. The product, -hydroxyketone 3.14, is separated from the reaction mixture as it is formed. 

Common Name Methyl ethyl ketone Synonym 2-butanone, butan-2-one, MEK Chemical Name 2-butanone, methyl ethyl ketone CAS Registry No 78-93-3 Molecular Formula C4H8O, CH3CH2COCH3 Molecular Weight 72.106 Melting Point (°C) ... 

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