Common names of ketones

The common names of ketones are derived by naming the alkyl groups that are bonded to the carbonyl carbon. These are used as prefixes followed by the word ketone. The alkyl groups may be arranged alphabetically or by size (smaller to larger). 

In the lUPAC system, the ending for ketones is -one (from the last syllable of ketone). The chain is numbered so that the carbonyl carbon has the lowest possible number. Common names of ketones are formed by adding the word ketone to the names of... 

A cyanohydrin is an organic compound that contains both a cyanide and a hydroxy group on an aUphatic section of the molecule. Cyanohydrias are usually a-hydroxy nitriles which are the products of base-cataly2ed addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The lUPAC name for cyanohydrias is based on the a-hydroxy nitrile name. Common names of cyanohydrias are derived from the aldehyde or ketoae from which they are formed (Table 1). 

The carbonyl group, C=0, is present in both aldehydes (RCH=0) and ketones (R2C=0). The IUPAC ending for naming aldehydes is -a/, and numbering begins with the carbonyl carbon. The ending for the names of ketones is -one, and the longest chain is numbered as usual. Common names are also widely used. Nomenclature is outlined in Sec. 9.1. 

The simplest aliphatic ketone has the common name of acetone. For most other aliphatic ketones we name the two groups that are attached to carbonyl carbon, and follow these names by the word ketone. A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to a benzene ring is named as a -phenone, as illustrated below. 

The carbon atoms on either side of the carbonyl group are bonded to other atoms. The simplest ketone has only hydrogen atoms bonded to the side carbons, as shown in the following diagram. The common name of this ketone is acetone. 

Only a few ketones have common names. The smallest ketone, propanone, is usually referred to by its common name, acetone. Acetone is a common laboratory solvent. Common names are also used for some phenyl-substituted ketones the number of carbons (other than those of the phenyl group) is indicated by the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, substituting ophenone for ic acid. ... 

Dimethyl ketone (DYE-meth-el KEY-tone) is a clear, colorless, highly volatile and highly flammable liquid with a characteristic sweet odor and taste. The compound is almost universally known in chemistry laboratories and industrial applications by its common name of acetone. 

Functional group names are often incorporated into the common name of a compound. For example, a ketone might have a name that ends in one like acetone, and the name of a compound that contains a hydroxyl (alcohol or OH group) might end in ol (e.g., ethanol). The acyl group is the portion of the molecule that provides... 

Acetone The common name of 2-propanonc (dimethyl ketone), (CH.i)2C=0. 

Acetoacetic acid synthesis Synthesis of a 3,3-disubstituted methyl ketone by alkylation of a (3-ketoester. Acetone The common name of 2-propanone (dimethyl ketone), (CH3)2C=O. 

Common names for ketones are derived by naming each alkyl or aryl group bonded to the carbonyl group as a separate word, followed by the word ketone. Groups are generally listed in order of increasing atomic weight. (Methyl ethyl ketone, abbreviated MEK, is a common solvent for varnishes and lacquers) ... 

Examination of two acidic hydrogens in 2-pentanone (36) shows that the pKa of Ha is about 20 and that of is about 21. Proton H, (in violet) 36 is attached to an a-carbon that also has an ethyl group attached to it. The a-carbon that bears Hg (in red) has only hydrogen atom attached to it. As noted earlier, an alkyl group is electron releasing relative to the a-carbon of a ketone or aldehyde, so Hb is less polarized than H (it has a smaller 6-1-). This observation is consistent with the observation that Hb is less acidic. 2-Pentanone (32) is called an unsymmetrical ketone because two different groups are attached to the carbonyl (the common name of 32 is ethyl methyl ketone, which reflects the fact that it is unsymmetrical). In an unsymmetrical ketone with different substituents on the different a-carbons, it is possible that those two a-protons will have different pKg values and that one may be more acidic than the other. 

Both names above are acceptable lUPAC names. lUPAC nomenclature recognizes the common names of many simple ketones, including the three examples shown below ... 

Ketones are compounds that have two R-groups— which may or may not be the same—attached to the carbonyl group carbon as their functional group (Figure 14.28). The simplest ketone has both R-groups as methyl groups. The common name of this compound is acetone. Previously, we indicated... 

For the purposes of naming, the carbonyl function is the highest-ranking group we have encountered so far. The aldehyde function takes precedence over that of ketones. For historical reasons, the simpler aldehydes often retain their common names. These names are derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, with the ending -ic or -ok acid replaced by -aldehyde, as shown in the examples below. 

Aldehydes and ketones with low molecular weights are often referred to by their common names. We will discuss the origin of these names—they are derived from the common names of acids—in Chapter 19. 

The common names of some aromatic aldehydes and ketones include the following. 

A few of the common names acceptable for ketones m the lUPAC system are... 

Each of the following aldehydes or ketones is known by a common name Its substitutive lUPAC name is provided in parentheses Wnte a stmctural formula for each one... 

The physical properties of finish removers vary considerably due to the diverse uses and requirements of the removers. Finish removers can be grouped by the principal ingredient of the formula, method of appHcation, method of removal, chemical base, viscosity, or hazardous classification. Except for method of apphcation, a paint remover formulation usually has one aspect of each group, by which it can be used for one or more appHcations. A Hst of the most common organic solvents used in finish removers has been compiled (3). Many are mentioned throughout this article others include ethyl lactate [97-64-3] propylene carbonate [108-32-7] furfural alcohol [98-01-1/, dimethyl formamide [68-12-2] tetrahydrofuran [109-99-9] methyl amyl ketone [110-43-0] dipropylene glycol methyl ether [34590-94-8] and Exxate 600, a trade name of Exxon Chemicals. 

Aldehydes and ketones with an a hydrogen atom undergo a base-catalyzed carbonyl condensation reaction called the aldol reaction. For example, treatment of acetaldehyde with a base such as sodium ethoxide or sodium hydroxide in a protic solvent leads to rapid and reversible formation of 3-hydroxybutanal, known commonly as aldol (aidehyde + alcohol), hence the general name of the reaction. 

Since aldehydes and ketones are polar, they can act as polar solvents. Because of the non-polar hydrocarbon part of their molecules, aldehydes and ketones can also act as solvents for non-polar compounds. For example, 2-propanone (common name acetone) is an important organic solvent in the chemical industry. 

The common and lUPAC names of some aldehydes and ketones are given in Table 12.1. 

Table 12.1 Common and lUPAC Names of Some Aldehydes and Ketones...

Write Ihe lUPAC names of Ihe following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names. 

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