Kerosine, combustion

Liquid fuels. Industrial burners for liquid fuels usually atomize the fuels in hot air so that droplets will evaporate during combustion. For more volatile fuels such as kerosine, vaporizing burners of various types are employed, usually for domestic purposes. 

Kerosene (kerosine) a fraction of petroleum that was initially sought as an illuminant in lamps a precursor to diesel fuel with a distillation range that generally falls within the limits of 150 and 300°C main uses are as a jet engine fuel, an illuminant, for heating purposes, and as a fuel for certain types of internal combustion engines. 

P. Chereau, FrP 1318773 (1963) CA 58, 13702 (1963), claims rocket fuel or incendiary composed of a combustible metal, eg, Al, Mg, or Li or a liquid fuel such as kerosine, in fine grains or droplets encapsulated in situ by formation of a polymer skin. Thus, 0.18 of 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate is dissolved in 41.8g of paraffin oil. A portion (24.5g) of this mixt is added drop by drop to a stirred soln contg 2g of ethylene glycol in 250g water. Discrete spherical particles... 

JET FUELS JP-1 Kerosene, Kerosine, Range Oil, Fuel Oil 1 Combustible Liquid, I 0 2 0... 

FLAME EXTINCTION FROM THE UPSTREAM PORTION OF A DROP IN MOTION. In his studies of the influence of relative air velocity on the combustion of liquid fuel spheres, Spalding (51, 56) noted a critical velocity above which flame could not be supported at the upstream portion of the sphere. He observed that the flame blew off and resided solely in the sphere s wake. In tests with kerosine, the air (20° C.) velocity at extinction varied linearly with sphere diameter (range 0.7 to 2.6 cm.), and the ratio Ubi2n was about 100 seconds-1. A similar result is obtained from the data on flame extinction of burning camphor spheres (15, 59). The near proportionality between extinction velocity and diameter was taken as supporting evidence for a theory on flame extinction advanced by Spalding (59). More recent experimental work with porous spheres and n-butyl alcohol as fuel does not support this relationship (1), because it was found that the extinction velocity is proportional to the square root of the drop diameter. 

Fuels for jet and gas-turbine engines are today being used in increasing quantities, a trend which is virtually certain to continue at an accelerated pace. Use of these fuels— petroleum fractions ranging from heavy naphthas through kerosine to residual oils, depending on the application—has by no means been free of problems, but so far few of those directly concerned with combustion efficiencies or mechanisms have been amenable to solution by use of additives. 

By assuming the Langmuir expression for the evaporation of a droplet with the Rosin-Rammler size distribution law, Sacks (74) found that the theoretical evaporation rate of a kerosine spray was about 100 times the experimentally observed values. He concluded that the Langmuir expression is based on the single drop and neglects the vapor pressure of the surrounding air, which would tend to inhibit vaporization in a spray. Consideration of the effects of dissociation of combustion products plus the effects of thermal conductivity for the vapors enabled Graves (33) to derive a theoretical curve for combustion rate which compared favorably with experimental data. However, the use of Probert s analysis to determine combustion efficiency, yielded efficiencies which were much lower than experimentally observed results. 

The low-density products manufactured in the SMDS process are predominantly paraffinic and free from impurities such as nitrogen and sulphur. Both the kerosine and gas oil have excellent combustion properties (smoke point and cetane number), and their cold-flow characteristics meet all relevant specifications - even the stringent freezing point requirements of aviation turbine kerosine. They also make excellent blending components for upgrading low-quality stock that would otherwise have to be used in fuel oil. The excellent quality of the products was proved in extensive engine tests. 

From the balanced equation we can accurately predict that one mole of kerosine requires 43/2 moles of oxygen for total combustion. 

The figures for the heat of combustion as such play a subordinate part in pyrotechnics. They arc of importance in those formulations that burn in air and contain an excess of a fuel beyond the equivalent amount of oxidizer. The excess fuel is most often magnesium or an organic binder. Also, in many incendiaries, the major fuel such as magnesium or magnesium alloy bodies as well as most of the incendiary filler materials (kerosine, phosphorus) burn in ambient air. Table 20 furnishes a list of elements and Table 21 a list of compounds whose caloric output and other data may be of interest. Figures for the heat output per unit volume are theoretical, realized only if the substance bums as a compact non-porous solid or liquid. 

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