Kerosine

Liquid fuels. Industrial burners for liquid fuels usually atomize the fuels in hot air so that droplets will evaporate during combustion. For more volatile fuels such as kerosine, vaporizing burners of various types are employed, usually for domestic purposes. 

Linear paraffins in the C q to range are used for the production of alcohols and plasticizers and biodegradable detergents of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and nonionic types (see Alcohols Plasticizers Surfactants). Here the UOP Molex process is used to extract / -paraffins from a hydrotreated kerosine (6—8). 

Aromatic and Nonaromatic Hydrocarbon Separation. Aromatics are partially removed from kerosines and jet fuels to improve smoke point and burning characteristics. This removal is commonly accompHshed by hydroprocessing, but can also be achieved by Hquid-Hquid extraction with solvents, such as furfural, or by adsorptive separation. Table 7 shows the results of a simulated moving-bed pilot-plant test using siHca gel adsorbent and feedstock components mainly in the C q—range. The extent of extraction does not vary gready for each of the various species of aromatics present. SiHca gel tends to extract all aromatics from nonaromatics (89). 

ASTM (atmospheric) ASTM D 86 Petroleum fractions or products, including gasolines, turbine fuels, naphthas, kerosines, gas oils, distillate fuel oils, and solvents that do not tend to decompose when vaporized at 760 mmHg... 

Another example of a cost-effective liquid-liquid extraction process is the one used for recoveiw of uranium from ore leach liquors (Fig. 15-3). In this case the solvents, alkyl phosphates in kerosine, are recovered by liquid-liquid extraclion using a strip solution, and the... 

FIG. 15-21 Continuous extraction of n-hiitylamine from kerosine into water. T = 1.23 ft, Z = 1.56 ft, no air-liquid interface, impellers centered, Vr/Ve X 1-57, residence time X 1.08 min. To convert feet to meters, multiply hy 0.3048 to convert inches to centimeters, multiply hy 2.54 and to convert horsepower to kilowatts, multiply hy 0.746. [Overcashiet Kingsley, and Olney, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 2, 529 (1.956), with permission.]... 

Flynn and Treybal [Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., I,. 324 (1955)]. Continuous extraction of benzoic acid from toluene and kerosine into water baffled vessels, turbine agitators. Stage efficiency is correlated with agitator energy per unit of liquid treated. 

Mottel and Colvin (U.S. AEC DP-254, 1957). Continuous heat transfer between kerosine and water vessel of Pump-Mix design (Fig. 15-28). 

Ryon, Daley, and Lowrie [Chem. Eng. Ftog., 55(10), 70, (1959), U.S. AFC ORNL-2951, I960]. Continuous extraction of uranium from sulfate-ore-leach liquors and kerosine -t- trihiityl phosphate and di(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid baffled vessels, turbine agitated. There is strong evidence of the influence of a slow chemical reaction. 

Ryon and Lowrie (U.S. AEC ORNL-3.381, 1960). Batch and continuous extraction of uranium from aqueous sulfate solutions into kerosine -t- amines, stripping of extract with aqueous sodium carbonate baffled vessels, turbine agitated. A detailed process study. 

David and Colvin [Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 7, 72 (1961)]. Continuous heat transfer between kerosine and water unbaffled vessel. Open impellers (paddles and propellers) are better than closed (centrifugal and disk impellers) at the same tip speed. 

Simard et al. [Can. J. Chem. Eng., 39, 229 (1961)]. Continuous extraction of uranium from aqueous nitrate solutions into kerosine -t- trihiityl phosphate and from sulfate solutions containing tricaprylamine unbaffled vessel, propeller agitated. Process details for high recovery and low reagent costs. 

TABLE 15-6 Settling of Aqueous Uranium Leach Liquors with Kerosine-Alkyl Phosphate Solvent ... 

Dispersing Agents and Grinding Aids There is no doubt that grinding aids are helpful under some conditions. For example, surfactants make it possible to ball-mill magnesium in kerosine to 0.5- Im size [Fochtman, Bitten, and Katz, Ind. Png. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 2, 212-216 (1963)]. Without surfactants the size attainable was 3 [Lm, and of course the rate of grinding was very slow at sizes below this. Also, the water in wet grinding may be considered to act as an additive. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms No. 1 Fuel oil Kerosine Dluminating oil Range oil JP-1 Chemical Formula C Hj +2... 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Home heating oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Liquid Color Light brown Odor Like kerosine characteristic. 

Observable Characteristics-P/o iicaZS /ale (asshipped) Liquid Color. Brown Odor. Like kerosine characteristic. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms JP-1 Kerosene Kerosine Range oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

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