K-ras oncogene

Shvedova et al. [59] demonstrated that inhalation of SWNTs resulted in mutations of the k-ras gene locus in the lung of mice. Among the mutated genes implicated in pulmonary tumorigenesis, the k-ras oncogene is relevant in lung tumors of mice exposed to chemicals. 

Puyol M, Martin A, Dubus P et al (2010) A synthetic lethal interaction between K-Ras oncogenes and Cdk4 unveils a therapeutic strategy for non-smaU cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Cell 18 63-73... 

Nomoto S, et al. Chnical application of K-ras oncogene mutations in pancreatic carcinoma detection of micrometastases. Semin Surg Oncol 1998 15(l) 40-46. 

Slebos RJ, Kibbelaar RE, Dalesio O et al. K-ras oncogene activation as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N EnglJ Med 1990 323 561-565. 

Billadeau, D., Liu, P., Jelinek, D., Shah, N., LeBien, T. W. and van Ness, B. (1997). Activating mutations in the N- and K-ras oncogenes differentially affect the growth properties of the IL-6-dependent myeloma cell line ANBL6. Cancer Res. 57, 2268-2275. 

Palmirotta R, Savonarola A, Ludovici G, De Marchis ML, Covello R, Ettorre GM et al (2011) Concurrent mutation in exons 1 and 2 of the K-ras oncogene in colorectal cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 49 729-733... 

Apart from studying the incidence of neoplasia, many other markers have been applied in order to assess the exposure to genotoxins in wildlife species, such as DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, c-K-rav oncogenes, etc. Correlations between contaminant exposure and mutations in oncogenes have been examined in molluscs (Van Beneden, 1994). Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos exposed to crude oil were shown to have high frequencies of mutations in the K-ras oncogene (Roy et al., 1999). 

Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Waterland RA, Styblo M, Achanzar WE, Webber MM, Waalkes MP (2005) Molecular events associated with arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostatic epithelial cells aberrant genomic DNA methylation and K-ras oncogene activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206(3) 288-298... 

Huncharek M, Muscat J, Geschwind JF. K-ras oncogene mutation as a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer A combined analysis of 881 cases. Carcinogenesis 1999 20 1507-1510. 

Hruban RH, van Mansfeld AD, Offerhaus GJ, et al. K-ras oncogene activation in adenocarcinoma of the human pancreas. A study of 82 carcinomas using a combination of mutant-enriched polymerase chain reaction analysis and allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. Am J Pathol. 1993 143 545-554. 

Westra WH, Sturm P, Drillenburg P, et al. K-ras oncogene mutations in osteoclast-like giant cell tumors of the pancreas and liver genetic evidence to support origin from the duct epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998 22 1247-1254. 

Blasco, R. B., Francoz, S., Santamaria, D., Canamero, M., Dubus, P, Charron, J., Baccarini, M., and Barbacid, M. (2011). c-Raf, but not B-Raf, is essential for development of K-Ras oncogene-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Cell 19, 652-663. 

Meuwissen R, Linn SC, van der Valk M, Mooi WJ, Bems A. Mouse model for lung tumorigenesis through Cre/lox controlled sporadic activation of the K-Ras oncogene. Oncogene 2001 20 6551-6558. 

Johnson L, Mercer K, Greenbaum D, et al. Somatic activation of the K-ras oncogene causes early onset lung cancer in mice. Nature 2001 410 1111-1116. 

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