Justification approaches

The tentative planning at the tinm the KW system was approved called for a similar second system to be installed at KE Reactor after completion of the KW system. Under the present business "climate" which calls for no production increases, the justification for a KE system must be based primarily on safety. This means the justification for a KE system would be percent short using the same justification approach as used for KW Reactor. Also with a reduced Zone Tengerature Monitor system proposed for the old areas, it is appropriate to reduce the alternative cost as compared to that used in the justification for the KW scanning system. Because of these changes in business climate and proposed... 

Another justification approach arises from the compulsion to follow industry leaders. Afraid of being left behind, management pursues buzzword programs that are sweeping the industry. I ve got to do that too, becomes the only justification. 

TABLE 13.1 Justification Approaches for Different Kinds of Projects... 

One of the main results regarding all the interviews was the lack of ergonomics financial justification approach. None of the sponsors mentioned ergonomics interventions established under financial indicators on the company. Nevertheless all of them endorsed this kind of approach. 

This paper presented a study seeking to help a better quantification of Ergonomics projects benefits in a large auto parts manufacturer. Results show that most of the indicators used by researchers were also available in the company s management system, however not with the expected ergonomics financial justification approach. 

There is justification for allowing t to increase beyond 1, and in many particular applications this may be desirable. Here a more conservative approach is used to reduce the chance of unstable iterations. 

Even cursory inspection of typical (v,[) data shows tliat tire evolution does not follow tire single exponential approach to saturation implied by, for example, (equation C2.14.22) witli initial concentrations Xq Such data are sometimes described as biphasic , and one encounters attempts to fit and inteiyDret tliem witli two exponentials, even tliough tliere does not seem to be any tlieoretical justification for doing so. The basic kinetics of adsorjDtion are described by ... 

In Section IX, we intend to present a geometrical analysis that permits some insight with respect to the phenomenon of sign flips in an M-state system (M > 2). This can be done without the support of a parallel mathematical study [9]. In this section, we intend to supply the mathematical foundation (and justification) for this analysis [10,12], Thus employing the line integral approach, we intend to prove the following statement ... 

The justification for the use of the lognormal is the modified Central Limit Theorem (Section 2.5.2.5). However, if the lognormal distribution is used for estimating the very low failure frequencies associated with the tails of the distribution, this approach is conservative because the low-frequency tails of the lognormal distribution generally extend farther from the median than the actual structural resistance or response data can extend. 

But what would become of Mendeleev s periodic system which now seemed to consist of 300 or so "elements" To some chemists, the discovery of isotopes implied the end of the periodic system as it was known.3 These chemists suggested that it would be necessary to consider the individual new isotopes as the new "elements." But the chemist Paneth adopted a less reductionist approach, arguing that the periodic table of the familiar chemical elements should be retained because it dealt with the "elements" that were of interest to chemists. A justification for this view was provided by the fact that, with a few exceptions, the chemical properties of isotopes of the same element are indistinguishable.4 Moreover, Paneth appealed to Mendeleev s distinction between the two senses of the concept of an "element" in order to provide a philosophical rationale for the retention of the chemist s periodic table. Paneth argued that the discovery of isotopes of the elements represents the discovery of new elements as simple substances, whereas periodic... 

There is unusually strong justification for the historical approach in presenting the important facts about x-rays to analytical chemists the information these chemists need in their work is largely that discovered in the early researches. This is particularly clear in connection with absorption and emission spectra, in which more refined investigations with more powerful equipment later revealed important complexities that the analytical chemist may ignore. Several of these complexities will be recorded below. 

There are three approaches to the evaluation of Eq. (10). The safest procedure is a complete evaluation of the equation which has been performed by some authors 27, 28, 66). In most cases, however, the experimental conditions are chosen so as to ensure that one of the terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (10) [or Eq. (10a)] is clearly predominant over a wide range of the desorption run, so that the other term can be neglected. In each particular case, justification of this neglect should be checked for low dnBJdt) values. 

Another contributing mechanism is the direct cooling of hot propellant surface by contact with the injected fluid. The fluid should cause the decomposing surface to reduce its pyrolysis rate to a point where combustion cannot be sustained. In addition, the presence of water on the surface would obstruct heat transfer from the gas-phase reaction zones to the solid surface, thus augmenting the cooling of the surface. Proponents of these two approaches have correlated the injection data on the basis of mass of fluid required per unit area of surface, but theoretical justifications for the use of this particular correlating parameter have not been presented. 

We now discuss the effects of finite chain length. The difficulties arise from the definition of a bulk free energy term, when the very nature of the chains constrains the crystal thickness to be finite. There are two different approaches to this problem the first to be considered is due to Hoffman et al. [31] and is a simple modification of the infinite chain case, but is somewhat lacking in theoretical justification the second, due to Buckley and Kovacs [23], aims to correct this deficiency and suggests that the interpretation of experimental data given by Hoffman s approach is misleading. 

The theory described in Sect. 3.5.1 has received most justification from its agreement with observations. Ultimately this must be the case for any successful theory. However, the consequences of any assumptions made should be well understood as several independent and adjustable parameters can make an unrealistic approach appear reasonable. In recent years, some of the experimental features not well represented by this theory have been attributed to unrealistic approximations which would invalidate the basis of the theory. Hence we give a careful step-by-step critique, and emphasize the consequences of alternative assumptions. In Sect. 3.5.3 when we investigate the experimental evidence, we should be better able to establish whether various types of behaviour can be accommodated within the theory. 

A number of approaches have been made to justifying the implementation of IT systems within drug discovery, and ELN is no exception, although these systems do seem to have generated something of their own mythology in terms of return-on-investment ( ROl ) and other justification methods. What is clear from our work with major pharmaceutical customers is that there is broad acceptance of the benefits to be accrued from implementation of an ELN. The areas of benefit at which the majority of customers have looked are ... 

One thing is certain. All the new AEDs are much more expensive than the older ones and one might therefore question the justification of their use. The reason is that the older ones have limited efficacy and not-inconsiderable toxicity. Indeed even with polytherapy the seizures are not always adequately controlled. So are there other approaches ... 

Several assumptions were made in using the broad MWD standard approach for calibration. With some justification a two parameter equation was used for calibration however the method did not correct or necessarily account for peak speading and viscosity effects. Also, a uniform chain structure was assumed whereas in reality the polymer may be a mixture of branched and linear chains. To accurately evaluate the MWD the polymer chain structure should be defined and hydrolysis effects must be totally eliminated. Work is currently underway in our laboratory to fractionate a low conversion polydlchlorophosphazene to obtain linear polymer standards. The standards will be used in polymer solution and structure studies and for SEC calibration. Finally, the universal calibration theory will be tested and then applied to estimate the extent of branching in other polydlchlorophosphazenes. 

This quasi-particle approach for CPs has been performed on Li and Na [12, 13]. In these materials, only diagonal terms of the occupation number densities are evaluated in a reasonable justification [27]. The GWA occupation number densities (denoted as N(GWA)) thus obtained are shown for the three principal directions in Figures 7 and 8 for Na and Li, respectively. For reference, the occupation number densities obtained... 

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