Plants, dioecious

Species of the mulberry family may be either monoecious or dioecious, depending on whether male and female flowers occur on the same plant (monoecious) or on separate plants (dioecious). Flowers of the Moraceae are in tightly packed groups, known as heads, spikes, catkins, or umbels. Fig flowers are produced inside a synconium, a hollow fleshy structure. The small flowers lack petals. Male flowers consist of four sepals, which are usually leaf-like appendages, and four stamens. Female flowers consist of four sepals and a pistil with a two-chambered ovary. 

A twinning perennial herb with male and female flowers on separate plants (dioecious) up to about 8 m high native to Eurasia and North America extensively cultivated worldwide (e.g., the United States, Germany, and the Czech Republic). Part used is the female membranous cone-like inflorescence (strobile) with its glandular hairs, collected in the fall and carefully dried, often bleached with sulfur dioxide from burning sulfur an essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of the freshly dried cones. The glandular hairs, separated from the strobiles, compose lupulin, which contains more resins and volatile oil than hops and is also used like hops. 

Cannabis is usually dioecious (male and female flowers on separate plants). The female plants are widely believed to contain more THC than the males, but this varies from strain to strain. In India, the males are apparently weeded out before... 

Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) is a dioecious annual flowering plant. Marihuana is the Spanish name for the dried leaves and female flowering tops of the hemp plant. Hashish is the resin which originates from these female flowering tops. The hemp s natural homeland is most likely in the regions north of Afghanistan and the Altai mountains of southern Siberia (Russia). It is not clear when and where cultivation of hemp Cannabis sativa L.) started. It seems most likely that the cultivation of hemp may have originated in northeastern Asia (north and north-east China and southeastern Siberia). 

Dioecious In the lower plants referring to the individuals having the archegonia and antheridia on separate plants referring also to those seed plants having staminate and pistillate flowers borne on different individuals. 

The plant is a low, dioecious, practically leafless shrub, 60 to 90 cm high. The stem, green in color, is slender, erect, small ribbed and channeled, 1.5 mm in diameter, and usually terminates in a sharp point. Nodes are 4 to 6 cm apart, at which the leaves appear as whitish triangular scarious sheaths. Small blossoms appear in the summer. 

Cannabis sativa is dioecious, which means that it produces both male and female plants. All types of cannabis strains—both male and female plants—produce THC, the active ingredient that, when smoked or ingested, intoxicates the user. This substance can be detected in every part of the plant, including the stems. The highest concentration of THC, however, is found in the resin, which is most abundant in the flowers of female plants. 

Of the drugs that are contained in cannabis products, it is A -tetrahydrocannab-inol (A -THC) (1) which is responsible for the pharmacological activity of cannabis. This compound is formed in the glandular trichomes (see below) which are found on the surface of the plant. Cannabis sativa is dioecious, that is, it has both male plants and female plants. These are most easily recognized at the flowering stage because the flower structures are different. The female plants are preferred because they produce more of the glandular trichomes and, as a consequence, are richer in cannabinoids. 

Dioecious A plant species which has both male and female characteristics. 

The papaya is dioecious, that is unisexual, for male and female flowers are borne by separate plants. The flowers are yellow and sweet-smelling and open at night to attract moths, the pollinators of the papaya. 

Polytrichum commune is quite common in woods, forming a carpet-like covering on the ground beneath tall tree canopies. It is dioecious, the plants being of two kinds, male and female. 

Inflorescences dioecious spikes, so on separate plants. Staminate spikes forming deciduous catkins of yellowish flowers, pistillate as persistent spikes of green flowers, at length maturing fruit. 

SimarubacecB or Ailanthus Family.—A family of chiefly tropical shrubs or trees containing bitter principles. The leaves are alternate and pinnate. The flowers are dioecious or polygamous and arranged in axillary panicles Picrasma excelsa) or racemes Quassia amara). The plants are distinguished from those of the Rutacea by the absence of secretory cavities. 

Caricacece or Papaw Family.—A family of latex-containing trees composed of two genera indigenous to tropical America. Of chief pharmaceutic interest is the species Carica Papaya, the Papaw or Melon tree, the fruit of which yields Papain, a valuable digestive ferment. This plant is a tree about 20 feet high which bears at its summit a cluster of deeply lobed petiolate leaves and dioecious flowers. The fruit is a berry, the size of one s head and contains an acrid milky juice from which papain can be precipitated by the addition of alcohol. 

Other plants may be dioecious and have separate male and female plants. If you want to only grow the female plant of a dioecious "short day" species, then you will need to clone the seedlings and determine their gender. The cloning process is quite simple. 

It is sometimes difficult to determine the gender of some dioecious plants because the traits of both sexes are present. If your single sex dioecious plant displays both sexes, the plant and its clones should be immediately removed from the growing area. 

As they became more familiar with the plant, the Chinese discovered it was dioecious. Male plants were then clearly distinguished from females by name (hsi for the male, chu for the female). The Chinese also recognized that the male plants produced a better fiber than the female, whereas the female produced the better seeds. (Although hemp seed was a major grain crop in ancient China until the sixth century A.D., it was not as important a food grain as rice or mullet.)... 

Dioecious plants with separate male and female flowers. 

P. methysticum does not bear fruit. In Vanuatu, farmers are unanimous in that they have never seen fruits or seeds on any kava plants. However, Lebot and Levesque (1989) claim that P. methysticum does flower. It is dioecious, and produces both male and female inflorescences on separate plants, but does not reproduce sexually. When hand... 

Marijuana plants are often hermaphrodites. Male flowers will frequently sprout forth on female plants, particularly under adverse conditions, and strains are known in which nearly every plant contains both sexes. Such monoecious strains have been specially developed for fiber production because they yield a uniform crop which matures simultaneously (the males of dice-, cious strains usually die about one month earlier than females). The monoecious strains contain little THC even hermaphrodites from mostly dioecious strains are of the low THC, high CBD variety (see tables 4 and 5). It seems that it should be possible to develop high THC monoecious strains as well. One monoecious female Thai plant had 2.5% THC and 0.3% CBD, while a male of the same strain had 2.1 and 0.4%, respectively. 

Jojoba (jojoba oil). A perennial, dioecious plant (Sim-mondsia chinensis, Buxaceae) indigenous to California and Mexico. Oil content of seeds 45-50%, protein up to 30%. J. oil mp. 6.8-7°C, bp. 389°C. J. oil is an exception among the plant oils since it does not contain triglycerides but ra er a liquid wax ester. The main components of J. oil are docosenyl eicosenoate (37 %), eicosenyl eicosenoate (24%), and eicoseny 1 do-cosenoate (11%), thus mainly wax esters with 40 and 42 C atoms. The wax esters of J. oils are very stable to oxidation (see linoleic acid) since they consist to > 95% of mono-unsaturated fatty alcohols and acids of the ffl9-series. 

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