Jojoba

Jojoba oil Jojoba oil [61789-91-1] Jojoba wax [66625-78-3] Jominy test Jones reductor Jones separator Joosten method Jordan refiner Josamycin [16846-24-5]... 

Fats and oils are one of the oldest classes of chemical compounds used by humans. Animal fats were prized for edibiUty, candles, lamp oils, and conversion to soap. Fats and oils are composed primarily of triglycerides (1), esters of glycerol and fatty acids. However, some oils such as sperm whale (1), jojoba (2), and orange roughy (3) are largely composed of wax esters (2). Waxes (qv) are esters of fatty acids with long-chain aUphatic alcohols, sterols, tocopherols, or similar materials. 

Jojoba. Jojoba oil [61789-91-1] is obtained from the seeds of the jojoba plant grown in semiarid regions of Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico, and the United States. The oil is made up of ca 80 wt % of esters of eicos-ll-enoic and docos-13-enoic acids, and eicos-ll- -l-ol, and docos-13- -l-ol, ca 17 wt % of other hquid esters, with the balance being free alcohols, free acids, and steroids. Jojoba oil is used primarily in the formulation of cosmetics. Hydrogenated jojoba oil is a wax used in candles and other low volume specialty apphcations. 

Jojoba is a desert crop that gives a small bean containing about 50% of a wax, a fatty acid ester with a fatty alcohol. The only other large source of such a wax is sperm whale oil, traditionally used in fine lubricants (see Lubrication and lubricants). Because the sperm whale is an endangered species, relatively Httle sperm whale oil is available and there is a large market for a substitute. Jojoba oil has been found to be usable for most of these appHcations. The jojoba oil is obtained by simply pressing the nut followed by conventional refining. Some jojoba oil is used in cosmetics (qv). 

The problems with jojoba as a commercial crop are the usual ones of domestication and cultivation. It is a slow-growing plant, available only in the wild and therefore has very wide genetic variabiUty. Efforts are underway to select the most promising variants and cultivate these as a crop in the southwestern United States deserts (7). A possible alternative for producing jojoba oil is to culture plant embryos in bioreactors (see Cell culture technology). 

In an article dealing with applications of olefin CM to a series of commercial products [138], solvent-free CM between ( )-3-hexene (produced by homocoupling of 1-butene) and 11-eicosenyl acetate 303 (produced from jojoba oil) was used to produce acetate 304 (Scheme 59), which is - as a natural 82 18 (EIZ) mixture - the pheromone of omnivorous leafroller, and serves as an environment-friendly pest controlling agent. The CM reaction was performed without solvent at 5 °C with a 4 1 mixture of ( )-3-hexene and 303, in the presence of only 0.2 mol% catalyst C, and furnished after 20 h coupling product 304 ( Z=83 17) in 50% yield. 

Beeswax (triacontanyl palmitate) octadecyl octadecanoate (stearyl stearate) dodecyl hexadecanoate (lauryl palmitate) cetyl palmitate lanolin carnauba wax glycol distearate jojoba oil... 

Biological, Chemical Reconnaissance System (JSLNBCRS), 5 832 Joint Service Standoff Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD), 5 832 Joint ventures, 15 639-640 Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN), 5 832 Jojoba oil, 26 212-213 Jojoba wax, cosmetically useful lipid, 7 833t... 

The solid diozonide prepared from jojoba wax decomposed violently at 110-120 C... 

Savage, E. S. (1951). A comparative study of the utilization of jojoba and cottonseed oil in the rat. PhD thesis, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 

Spencer, G. F., Plattner, R. D., and Miwa, T. (1977). Jojoba oil analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc. 54,187-189. 

Jasmine lactone, preparation, 787 Jet fuel, autoxidation, 665 Jojoba oil, ozonized, 718 Juice, hydrogen peroxide content, 653... 

The shape-selectivity of ZSM-5 is particularly remarkable. Active centres at the inner walls of the catalyst readily release protons to organic reactant molecules forming carbonium ions, which in turn, through loss of water and a succession of C—C forming steps, yield a mixture of hydrocarbons that is similar to gasoline. The feedstock can be methanol, ethanol, corn oil or jojoba oil. The shape-selectivity of this catalyst is particularly striking, as can be seen from the product distribution obtained for the dehydration of three different alcohols (Table 8.2). The product distribution can be understood in terms of the intermediate pore size of ZSM-5, which can accommodate linear alkanes and isoalkanes as well as monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons smaller than 1, 3, 5-trimethyl benzene. In Table 8.3, we list some of the recent innovations in catalysis, to highlight the important place occupied by molecular-sieve catalysts. 

Table 9.2-3 shows the specification of commercially available jojoba oil and its bio-synthetically analogous product-oleyl oleate. 

Commercial jojoba oil Oleyl oleate produced by biosynthesis in SCF... 

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